Editing Pattern (section)

=== Bubbles, foam ===

[[File:Foam - big.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Foam]] of [[soap bubble]]s]]

[[Foam]]s obey [[Plateau's laws]], which require films to be smooth and continuous, and to have a constant [[mean curvature|average curvature]]. Foam and bubble patterns occur widely in nature, for example in [[radiolarian]]s, [[sponge]] [[spicule (sponge)|spicule]]s, and the skeletons of [[silicoflagellate]]s and [[sea urchin]]s.<ref>Ball, Philip. ''Shapes'', 2009. pp. 68, 96-101.{{full citation needed|date=February 2024}}</ref><ref>[[Frederick J. Almgren, Jr.]] and [[Jean E. Taylor]], ''The geometry of soap films and soap bubbles'', Scientific American, vol. 235, pp. 82–93, July 1976.</ref>
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