Editing Persistent organic pollutant (section)

=== New POPs on the Stockholm Convention list ===
Since 2001, this list has been expanded to include some [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]] (PAHs), [[brominated flame retardant]]s, and other compounds. Additions to the initial 2001 Stockholm Convention list are the following POPs:<ref>{{citation | title = Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): Text and Annexes | url = https://www.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-COP-CONVTEXT-2023.English.pdf | publisher = Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention | date = May 2023 | access-date = 2025-01-27}}.</ref><ref name=":0" />
* [[alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane|α-Hexachlorocyclohexane]] (α-HCH) and [[beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane|β-Hexachlorocyclohexane]] (β-HCH) are insecticides as well as by-products in the production of [[lindane]]. α-HCH and β-HCH are highly persistent in the water of colder regions. <ref>{{citation | title = Lindane, Alpha-HCH, Beta-HCH factsheet | url = https://www.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-NewPOPs-Factsheet-01.02.03-20200226.English.pdf | publisher = Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention | access-date = 2025-01-27}}.</ref> α-HCH and β-HCH have been linked to [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]] and [[Alzheimer's disease]].{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* [[Chlordecone]] is primarily used as an agricultural pesticide, related to DDT and Mirex. Chlordecone is toxic to aquatic organisms, and classified as a possible human carcinogen. <ref>{{citation | title = Chlordecone ether factsheet | url = https://www.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-NewPOPs-Factsheet-04-20200226.English.pdf | publisher = Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention | access-date = 2025-01-27}}.</ref> Many countries have banned chlordecone sale and use, or intend to destroy stockpiles.
* [[Decabromodiphenyl ether]], a flame retardant, commonly sold as decaBDE, which is added to polymers, textiles, adhesives, coatings and more. In addition to bioaccumulation potential, the Stockholm convention identified decaBDE as affecting human endocrine, reproductive, and nervous systems.<ref>{{citation | title = Decabromodiphenyl ether factsheet | url = https://www.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-NewPOPs-Factsheet-05-20200313.English.pdf | publisher = Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention | access-date = 2025-01-27}}.</ref>
* [[Dechlorane plus]] is a flame retardant structurally similar to [[Mirex]]. Added to the Stockholm Convention in 2023, research into human toxicology is ongoing. <ref>{{citation | title = Dechlorane Plus: Candidate POP in Stockholm Convention | url = https://toxicslink.org/publications/factsheet/factsheets-dechlorane-plus | publisher = Toxics Link | date = July 2022 | access-date = 2025-01-27}}.</ref>
* [[Dicofol]] is a pesticide structurally similar to [[DDT]] and is highly toxic to fish, birds, aquatic invertebrates, and algae. Prolonged exposure in humans causes skin irritation.<ref>{{citation | title = Dicofol factsheet | url = https://www.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-NewPOPs-Factsheet-06-20200316.English.pdf | publisher = Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention | access-date = 2025-01-27}}.</ref>
* [[Hexabromodiphenyl]] is a flame retardant and possible human carcinogen.  Like the related chemicals hexaBDE, heptaBDE, and octaBDE (see below), hexabromodiphenyl is an endocrine disruptor.  <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumari |first1=K. |last2=Arfin |first2=T. |date=2024 |title=Hexabromobiphenyl (HBB). |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50996-4_14 |journal=Pollutants of Global Concern. Emerging Contaminants and Associated Treatment Technologies. |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-50996-4_14|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [[Hexabromocyclododecane]] is a flame retardant predominately used in foams and textiles that is highly toxic to aquatic organisms.  Human toxicology studies are ongoing, but it shows neuroendocrine disruption and developmental toxicity in animal studies.<ref>{{citation | title = Hexabromocyclododecane factsheet | url = https://www.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-NewPOPs-Factsheet-08-20200226.English.pdf | publisher = Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention | access-date = 2025-01-27}}.</ref>
* [[Hexabromodiphenyl ether]] (hexaBDE) and [[heptabromodiphenyl ether]] (heptaBDE) are main components of the flame retardant [[octabromodiphenyl ether]] (octaBDE). Commercial octaBDE is highly persistent in the environment, whose only degradation pathway is through debromination and the production of [[Bromodiphenylmethane|bromodiphenyl ethers]], which themselves can be toxic.<ref>{{citation | title = Hexabromobiphenyl ether and heptabromodiphenyl ether factsheet | url = https://www.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-NewPOPs-Factsheet-09-20200226.English.pdf | publisher = Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention | access-date = 2025-01-27}}.</ref>
* [[Hexachlorobutadiene]] (HCBD) is a byproduct of the production of other chlorinated compounds.  HCBD is a possible human carcinogen and causes renal damage.<ref>{{citation | title = Hexachlorobutadiene factsheet | url = https://www.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-NewPOPs-Factsheet-10-20200226.English.pdf | publisher = Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention | access-date = 2025-01-27}}.</ref>
* [[Lindane]] (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane), a pesticide used as a broad spectrum insecticide for seed, soil, leaf, tree and wood treatment, and against [[ectoparasite]]s in animals and humans (head lice and scabies). Lindane undergoes rapid [[biomagnification]] and is [[Immunotoxin|immunotoxic]], [[Neurotoxicity|neurotoxic]], [[carcinogenic]], linked to liver and kidney damage as well as adverse reproductive and developmental effects in various laboratory animals. Production of lindane unintentionally produces two other POPs α-HCH and β-HCH.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vijgen |first1=John |last2=de Borst |first2=Bram |last3=Weber |first3=Roland |last4=Stobiecki |first4=Tomasz |last5=Forter |first5=Martin |date=2019 |title=HCH and lindane contaminated sites: European and global need for a permanent solution for a long-time neglected issue |journal=Environmental Pollution |language=en |volume=248 |pages=696–705 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.029|pmid=30849587 |bibcode=2019EPoll.248..696V }}</ref>
* [[Methoxychlor]] is a pesticide structurally similar to DDT.  In addition to persistence, ecological mobility, and bioaccumulation risk, it also is a human endocrine disruptor.<ref>{{citation | title = Methoxychlor factsheet | url = https://www.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-NewPOPs-Factsheet-19-20240726.English.pdf | publisher = Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention | access-date = 2025-01-27}}.</ref>
* [[Pentachlorobenzene]] (PeCB), is a pesticide and unintentional byproduct. PeCB has also been used in PCB products, dyestuff carriers, as a fungicide, a flame retardant, and a chemical intermediate. This compound is moderately toxic to humans, whilst being highly toxic to aquatic organisms. <ref>{{citation | title = Pentachlorobenzene factsheet | url = https://www.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-NewPOPs-Factsheet-11-20200226.English.pdf | publisher = Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention | access-date = 2025-01-27}}.</ref>
* [[Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid]] (PFOS) and related compounds are extremely persistent and readily [[Biomagnification|biomagnify]].  
* [[Endosulfan]]s are a group of chlorinated insecticides used to control pests on crops such coffee, cotton, rice and sorghum and soybeans, tsetse flies, ectoparasites of cattle. They are used as a [[Wood preservation|wood preservative]]. Global use and manufacturing of endosulfan has been banned under the Stockholm convention in 2011, although many countries had previously banned or introduced phase-outs of the chemical when the ban was announced. Toxic to humans and aquatic and terrestrial organisms, linked to congenital physical disorders, mental retardation, and death. Endosulfans' negative health effects are primarily liked to its endocrine disrupting capacity acting as an [[antiandrogen]].
* [[Tetrabromodiphenyl ether]] (tetraBDE) and pentabromodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE) are industrial chemicals and the main components of commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE). This pair of molecules have been detected in humans in all regions of the world.