Editing Photogram (section)

===Man Ray's 'rayographs'===
[[File:Man Ray, 1922, Untitled Rayograph.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Man Ray, 1922, Untitled Rayograph, gelatin silver photogram, 23.5 x 17.8 cm]]
Photograms were used in the 20th century by a number of photographers, particularly Man Ray, whose "rayographs" were also given the name by Dada leader Tzara.<ref name=":0" /> Ray described his (re-)discovery of the process in his 1963 autobiography;<ref>{{Citation | author1=Man Ray | title=Self Portrait | publication-date=1963 | publisher=Boston Little, Brown | edition=1st | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/9124937}}</ref>

{{blockquote|"Again at night I developed the last plates I had exposed; the following night I set to work printing them. Besides the trays and chemical solutions in bottles, a glass graduate and thermometer, a box of photographic paper, my laboratory equipment was nil. Fortunately, I had to make only contact prints from the plates. I simply laid a glass negative on a sheet of light-sensitive paper on the table, by the light of my little red lantern, turned on the bulb that hung from the ceiling, for a few seconds, and developed the prints. It was while making these prints that I hit on my Rayograph process, or cameraless photographs. One sheet of photo paper got into the developing tray - a sheet unexposed that had been mixed with those already exposed under the negatives - I made my several exposures first, developing them together later - and as I waited in vain a couple of minutes for an image to appear, regretting the waste paper, I mechanically placed a small glass funnel, the graduate and the thermometer in the tray on the wetted paper, I turned on the light: before my eyes an image began to form, not quite a simple silhouette of the objects as in a straight photograph, but distorted and refracted by the glass more or less in contact with the paper and standing out against a black background, the part directly exposed to the light. I remembered when I was a boy placing fern leaves in a printing frame with proof paper, exposing it to sunlight, and obtaining a white negative of the leaves. This was the same idea, but with an added three-dimensional quality and tonal gradation."}}

[[File:ReturnToReasonRayographs.webm|thumb|thumbtime=3|Rayographs in an excerpt of ''[[Return to Reason]]'' (1923)]]
In his photograms, Man Ray made combinations of objects—a comb, a spiral of cut paper, an architect's [[French curve]]—some recognisable, others transformed, typifying Dada's rejection of 'style', emphasising chance and abstraction.<ref name=":4" /> He published a selection of these rayographs as ''Champs délicieux'' in December 1922, with an introduction by Tzara. His 1923 film ''[[Le Retour à la Raison]]'' ('Return to Reason') adapts rayograph technique to moving images.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/3716|title=Man Ray (Emmanuel Radnitzky) {{!}} MoMA|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref>