Editing PhyloCode (section)

==History==

(Condensed from the ''PhyloCode'''s Preface.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phylonames.org/code/preface |title=International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, Version 4b - Preface |publisher=Ohiou.edu |access-date=2010-07-07}}</ref>)

The ''PhyloCode'' grew out of a workshop at [[Harvard University]] in August 1998, where decisions were made about its scope and content. Many of the workshop participants, together with several other people who subsequently joined the project, served as an advisory group. In April 2000, a draft was made public on the [[World Wide Web|web]] and comments were solicited from the scientific community.

A second workshop was held at [[Yale University]] in July 2002, at which some modifications were made in the rules and recommendations of the ''PhyloCode''. Other revisions have been made from time to time as well.

The First International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting, which took place from July 6, 2004, to July 9, 2004, in [[Paris]], [[France]], was attended by about 70 [[systematics|systematic]] and [[evolution]]ary [[biologist]]s from 11 nations.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Laurin|first=M.|author2=P. D. Cantino|year=2004|title=First international phylogenetic nomenclature meeting: a report|journal=Zool. Scr.|volume=33|issue=5|pages=475–479|doi=10.1111/j.0300-3256.2004.00176.x|s2cid=86552807 }}</ref> This was the first open, multi-day conference that focused entirely on [[phylogeny|phylogenetic]] nomenclature, and it provided the venue for the inauguration of a new association, the [[International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature]] (ISPN). The ISPN membership elects the [[Committee on Phylogenetic Nomenclature]] (CPN), which has taken over the role of the advisory group that oversaw the earlier stages of development of the PhyloCode.

The Second International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting took place from June 28, 2006, to July 2, 2006, at [[Yale University]] ([[New Haven]], [[Connecticut]], U.S.).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Laurin|first=M.|author2=P. D. Cantino|year=2007|title=Second meeting of the International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature: a report|journal=Zool. Scr.|volume=36|pages=109–117|doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00268.x|s2cid=222198538 }}</ref>

The Third International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting took place from July 21, 2008, to July 22, 2008, at [[Dalhousie University]] ([[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]], Canada).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Laurin |first1=M. |last2=Bryant |first2=H.N. |title=Third meeting of the International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature: a report |journal=Zoologica Scripta |date=May 2009 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=333–337 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00379.x |s2cid=221171579 }}</ref>

The PhyloCode went into effect with the publication of the companion volume, ''Phylonyms'', in 2020.<ref>de Queiroz. K., Cantino. P. D., Gauthier. J. A. eds. (2020). ''Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode''. CRC Press Boca Raton, FL</ref>

===Influences===

The theoretical foundation of the ''PhyloCode'' was developed in a series of papers by [[Kevin de Queiroz|de Queiroz]] and [[Jacques Gauthier|Gauthier]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=de Queiroz|first=K.|author2=J. Gauthier|year=1990|title=Phylogeny as a central principle in taxonomy: Phylogenetic definitions of taxon names|journal=Syst. Zool.|volume=39|pages=307–322|doi=10.2307/2992353|jstor=2992353|issue=4|publisher=Society of Systematic Biologists}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=de Queiroz|first=K.|author2=J. Gauthier|year=1992|title=Phylogenetic taxonomy|journal=Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.|volume=23|issue=1 |pages=449–480|doi=10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.002313|bibcode=1992AnRES..23..449D }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=de Queiroz|first=K.|author2=J. Gauthier|year=1994|title=Toward a phylogenetic system of biological nomenclature|journal=Trends Ecol. Evol.|volume=9|pages=27–31|doi=10.1016/0169-5347(94)90231-3|pmid=21236760|issue=1|bibcode=1994TEcoE...9...27D }}</ref> which was foreshadowed by earlier suggestions that a taxon name could be defined by reference to a part of a [[phylogenetic tree]].<ref>Griffiths, Graham CD. "On the foundations of biological systematics." Acta biotheoretica 23, no. 3-4 (1974): 85-131.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ghiselin|first=M. T.|year=1984|title="Definition," "character," and other equivocal terms|journal=Syst. Zool.|volume=33|pages=104–110|doi=10.2307/2413135|jstor=2413135|issue=1|publisher=Society of Systematic Biologists}}</ref>

Whenever possible, the writers of the ''PhyloCode'' used the draft ''[[BioCode]]'',<ref>{{cite journal|last=Greuter|first=W.|author2=D. L. Hawksworth |author3=J. McNeill |author4=A. Mayo |author5=A. Minelli |author6=P. H. A. Sneath |author7=B. J. Tindall |author8=P. Trehane |author9=P. Tubbs  |year=1998|title=Draft BioCode (1997): the prospective international rules for the scientific names of organisms|journal=Taxon|volume=47|pages=127–150|doi=10.2307/1224030|jstor=1224030|issue=1|publisher=International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)|bibcode=1998Taxon..47..127. }}</ref> which attempted to unify the rank-based approach into a single code, as a model. Thus, the organization of the ''PhyloCode'', some of its terminology, and the wording of certain rules are derived from the ''BioCode''. Other rules are derived from one or more of the rank-based codes, particularly the botanical<ref>{{cite book|last=Greuter|first=W. |author2=F. R. Barrie |author3=H. M. Burdet |author4=W. G. Chaloner |author5=V. Demoulin |author6=D. L. Hawksworth |author7=P. M. Jørgensen |author8=J. McNeill |author9=D. H. Nicolson |author10=P. C. Silva |author11=P. Trehane|year=1994|title=International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Tokyo Code)|publisher=Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein, Germany|isbn=1-878762-66-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Greuter|first=W. |author2=F. R. Barrie |author3=H. M. Burdet |author4=V. Demoulin |author5=T. S. Filgueiras |author6=D. L. Hawksworth |author7=J. McNeill |author8=D. H. Nicolson |author9=P. C. Silva |author10=J. E. Skog |author11=P. Trehane |author12=N. J. Turland |year=2000|title=International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Saint Louis Code)|publisher=Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein, Germany}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McNeill|first=J. |author2=F. R. Barrie |author3=H. M. Burdet |author4=V. Demoulin |author5=D. L. Hawksworth |author6=K. Marhold |author7=D. H. Nicolson |author8=J. Prado |author9=P. C. Silva |author10=J. E. Skog |author11=J. H. Wiersema |author12=N. J. Turland |year=2006|title=International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code)|publisher=Gantner, Ruggell, Liechtenstein|isbn=3-906166-48-1}}</ref> and zoological<ref>{{cite book|last=International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|year=1985|title=International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalcod1999inte|edition=3rd|publisher=International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature|isbn=0-85301-006-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|year=1999|title=International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalcod1999inte|edition=4th|publisher=International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature|isbn=0-85301-006-4}}</ref> codes. However, many rules in the ''PhyloCode'' have no counterpart in any code based on taxonomic ranks because of fundamental differences in the definitional foundations of the alternative systems.  Note that the PhyloCode does not govern the names of species, whose rules of availability, typification, etc., remain regulated by the requisite traditional Code of Nomenclature.