Editing Picture superiority effect (section)

==Evidence==

This effect has been shown to occur in recognition memory tasks, where items studied as pictures are better remembered than items studied as words, even when targets are presented as words during the test phase.<ref name="defeyter"/> Whether the picture superiority effect influences the familiarity and/or recollection processes, according to the dual-process models, thought to underlie recognition memory is not clear.<ref name="curran"/>

In experiments of associative recognition memory, participants studied random concrete word pairs, and line drawing pairs. They had to discriminate between intact and rearranged pairs at test. The picture superiority effect continued to express a strong effect with a greater hit rate for intact picture pairs. This further supports encoding theories<ref name="hockley2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Hockley | first1 = W. E. | year = 2008 | title = The picture superiority effect in associative recognition | journal = Memory & Cognition | volume = 36 | issue = 7| pages = 1351–1359 | doi = 10.3758/MC.36.7.1351 | pmid = 18927048 | doi-access = free }}</ref> More recent research in associative recognition shows support that semantic meaning of nameable pictures is activated faster than that of words, allowing for more meaningful associations between items depicted as pictures to be generated.<ref name="hockley2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Hockley | first1 = W.E. | last2 = Bancroft | first2 = T. | year = 2011 | title = Extensions of the picture superiority effect in associative recognition | journal = Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology | volume = 65 | issue = 4| pages = 236–244 | doi = 10.1037/a0023796 | pmid = 21728402 }}</ref>

Pictures have distinctive features that enable to distinguish pictures from words and such discriminability increase memory ability in comparison with verbal cues (Jenkins, Neale & Deno, 19<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jenkins|first1=Joseph R|last2=Neale|first2=Daniel C|last3=Reno|first3=Stanley L|date=1967|title=Differential memory for picture and word stimuli|journal=Journal of Educational Psychology|doi=10.1037/h0025025|pmid=6079075|volume=58|issue=5|pages=303–307}}</ref> 67). Picture Superiority effect was also evident for memory recall during semantic procession (Childers & Houston, 1984<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Childers|first1=Terry L|last2=Houston|first2=Michael J|year=1984|title=Conditions for a picture-superiority effect on consumer memory|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|doi=10.1086/209001|volume=11|issue=2|page=643|citeseerx=10.1.1.486.9741}}</ref>). Moreover, pictures in pairs or group were better organized in our memory than words thus resulting in superiority in recall (Pavio & Csapo, 1973<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Paivio|first1=Allan|last2=Csapo|first2=Kalman|date=1973|title=Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding?|journal=Cognitive Psychology|doi=10.1016/0010-0285(73)90032-7|volume=5|issue=2|pages=176–206}}</ref>). The picture superiority effect is also present in spatial memory, where locations of items and photographs were remembered better than locations of words.<ref name="cattaneo">{{cite journal | last1 = Cattaneo | first1 = Z. | last2 = Rosen | first2 = M. | last3 = Vecchi | first3 = T. | last4 = Pelz | first4 = J. B. | year = 2008 | title = Monitoring eye movements to investigate the picture superiority effect in spatial memory | journal = Perception | volume = 37 | issue = 1| pages = 34–49 | doi = 10.1068/p5623 | pmid = 18399246 | s2cid = 30843136 }}</ref>