Editing Political correctness (section)

==Usage==
The modern pejorative usage of the term emerged from [[conservatism|conservative]] criticism of the [[New Left]] in the late 20th century. This usage was popularized by a number of articles in ''[[The New York Times]]'' and other media throughout the 1990s,<ref name=Berman1992>{{cite book|editor-last1=Berman|editor-first1=Paul|title=Debating P.C.: the controversy over political correctness on college campuses|date=1992|isbn=978-0307801784|page=Introduction|publisher=Random House Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XflI-OaALAC&q=Berman%20Debating%20PC&pg=PP1|access-date=2 January 2022|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103133600/https://books.google.com/books?id=6XflI-OaALAC&q=Berman+Debating+PC&pg=PP1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Smith1999>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Dorothy E.|title=Writing the social: critique, theory, and investigations|date=1999|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|location=Toronto (Ont.)|isbn=978-0802081353|page=175|edition=Repr.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XICxNH7EH_MC|access-date=22 October 2015|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010134937/https://books.google.com/books?id=XICxNH7EH_MC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Schwartz>{{cite journal|last1=Schwartz|first1=Howard S.|title=Psychodynamics of Political Correctness|journal=[[Journal of Applied Behavioral Science]]|date=1997|volume=33|issue=2|pages=133–49|doi=10.1177/0021886397332003|s2cid=144305581|url=http://www.sba.oakland.edu/faculty/schwartz/pcjabs.htm|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-date=3 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003123819/http://www.sba.oakland.edu/faculty/schwartz/PCJABS.htm|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Bernstein>{{cite news|last1=Bernstein|first1=Richard|title=Ideas & Trends: The Rising Hegemony of the Politically Correct|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/28/weekinreview/ideas-trends-the-rising-hegemony-of-the-politically-correct.html?pagewanted=all|author-link=Richard Bernstein (journalist)|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=28 October 1990|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-date=12 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012023341/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/28/weekinreview/ideas-trends-the-rising-hegemony-of-the-politically-correct.html?pagewanted=all|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=McFadden1991>{{cite news|last1=McFadden|first1=Robert D.|title=Political Correctness: New Bias Test?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/05/us/political-correctness-new-bias-test.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 May 1991|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023033910/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/05/us/political-correctness-new-bias-test.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Heteren1997>{{cite book|last1=Heteren|first1=Annette Gomis van|title=Political correctness in context: the PC controversy in America|date=1997|publisher=[[Universidad de Almería]], Servicio de Publicaciones|location=[[Almería]]|isbn=978-8482400839|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1qRWJESNbsC|page=148|access-date=19 October 2015|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412192446/https://books.google.com/books?id=s1qRWJESNbsC|url-status=live}}</ref> and was widely used in the debate surrounding [[Allan Bloom]]'s 1987 book ''[[The Closing of the American Mind]]''.<ref name="Schultz-1993a"/><ref name=Bloom>{{cite book|last1=Bellow|first1=Allan Bloom |title=The closing of the American mind|date=1988|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0671657154|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMuZvBwfRYMC|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412192444/https://books.google.com/books?id=AMuZvBwfRYMC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Robinson2000>{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Sally|title=Marked men white masculinity in crisis|date=2000|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0231500364|pages=17, 55–86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fA5eFUAO_AC|access-date=19 October 2015|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010135850/https://books.google.com/books?id=1fA5eFUAO_AC|url-status=live}}</ref> The term gained further currency in response to [[Roger Kimball]]'s ''Tenured Radicals'' (1990),<ref name="Schultz-1993a"/><ref name="Wilson"/><ref name=Kimball>{{cite book |last1= Kimball|first1=Roger|title=Tenured radicals: how politics has corrupted our higher education |date=1990 |publisher=[[Harper & Row]] – Originally [[University of Michigan]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0060161903|edition=1st}}</ref> and conservative author [[Dinesh D'Souza]]'s 1991 book ''Illiberal Education''.<ref name="Schultz-1993a"/><ref name="Charles-Wartella"/><ref name="Wilson"/><ref name=DSouza1991>{{cite book|last1=D'Souza|first1=Dinesh|author-link=Dinesh D'Souza|title=Illiberal education: the politics of race and sex on campus|date=1991|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0684863849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUcWaePccnkC|access-date=20 November 2015|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412192443/https://books.google.com/books?id=WUcWaePccnkC|url-status=live}}</ref> Supporters of politically correct language have been pejoratively referred to as the "language police".<ref>{{Cite web |title=On the Follies of the Politically Correct Language Police {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/homo-consumericus/201312/the-follies-the-politically-correct-language-police |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=www.psychologytoday.com |language=en |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816100227/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/homo-consumericus/201312/the-follies-the-politically-correct-language-police |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Education===
Modern debate on the term was sparked by conservative critiques of perceived [[liberal bias in academia]] and education,<ref name="Schultz-1993a" /> and conservatives have since used it as a major line of attack.<ref name="Charles-Wartella" />

Preliminary research published in 2020 indicated that students at a large U.S. public university generally felt instructors were open-minded and encouraged free expression of diverse viewpoints; nonetheless, most students worried about the consequences of voicing their political opinions, with "[a]nxieties about expressing political views and self-censorship ... more prevalent among students who identify as conservative".<ref>Larson, Jennifer, Mark McNeilly, and Timothy J. Ryan. "[https://fecdsurveyreport.web.unc.edu/files/2020/02/UNC-Free-Expression-Report.pdf Free Expression and Constructive Dialogue at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223145026/https://fecdsurveyreport.web.unc.edu/files/2020/02/UNC-Free-Expression-Report.pdf |date=23 December 2020 }}." Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina (5 February 2020).</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/02/evidence-conservative-students-really-do-self-censor/606559/|title=Evidence That Conservative Students Really Do Self-Censor|last=Friedersdorf|first=Conor|date=16 February 2020|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111230142/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/02/evidence-conservative-students-really-do-self-censor/606559/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===As a conspiracy theory===
{{Main|Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory}}
Some conservative commentators in the [[Western world|West]] argue that "political correctness" and multiculturalism are part of a conspiracy with the ultimate goal of undermining [[Judeo-Christian ethics|Judeo-Christian values]]. This theory, which holds that political correctness originates from the [[critical theory]] of the [[Frankfurt School]] as part of a conspiracy that its proponents call "[[Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory|Cultural Marxism]]".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate|last=Jamin|first=Jérôme|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=2014|isbn=978-1137396198|editor1-last=Shekhovtsov|editor1-first=A.|location=[[Basingstoke]]|pages=84–103|chapter=Cultural Marxism and the Radical Right|doi=10.1057/9781137396211_4 |editor2-last=Jackson|editor2-first=P.|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/postwarangloamer0000unse/page/84 |chapter-url-access=registration |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cultures of Post-War British Fascism|last=Richardson|first=John E.|date=2015|isbn=9781317539360|editor1-last=Copsey|editor1-first=Nigel|chapter='Cultural-Marxism' and the British National Party: a transnational discourse|publisher=Routledge |editor2-last=Richardson|editor2-first=John E.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIwGCAAAQBAJ|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929062019/https://books.google.com/books?id=HIwGCAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The theory originated with Michael Minnicino's 1992 essay "New Dark Age: Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness'", published in a [[Lyndon LaRouche]] movement journal.<ref>[[Martin Jay|Jay, Martin]] (2010), "[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124045123/http://cms.skidmore.edu/salmagundi/backissues/168-169/martin-jay-frankfurt-school-as-scapegoat.cfm Dialectic of Counter-Enlightenment: The Frankfurt School as Scapegoat of the Lunatic Fringe]". ''[[Salmagundi (magazine)|Salmagundi]]'' (Fall 2010–Winter 2011, 168–69): 30–40.</ref> In 2001, conservative commentator [[Patrick Buchanan]] wrote in ''[[The Death of the West]]'' that "political correctness is cultural Marxism", and that "its trademark is intolerance".<ref>[[Patrick Buchanan|Buchanan, Patrick]]. ''[[The Death of the West]]'', p. 89.</ref>

===Media===
{{See also|Media bias}}
In the US, the term has been widely used in books and journals, but in Britain the usage has been confined mainly to the popular press.<ref name="Lea">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKmTAgAAQBAJ|title=Political Correctness and Higher Education: British and American Perspectives|last1=Lea|first1=John|date=2010|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1135895884|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412201758/https://books.google.com/books?id=pKmTAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Many such authors and popular-media figures, particularly on the right, have used the term to criticize what they see as bias in the media.<ref name=Friedman /><ref name="Wilson"/> William McGowan argues that journalists get stories wrong or ignore stories worthy of coverage, because of what McGowan perceives to be their liberal ideologies and their fear of offending minority groups.<ref name="McGowan">{{cite book|title=Coloring the news: how political correctness has corrupted American journalism|last1=McGowan|first1=William|date=2003|publisher=[[Encounter Books]]|isbn=978-1893554603|edition=[New postscript].|location=San Francisco, Calif.}}</ref> Robert Novak, in his essay "Political Correctness Has No Place in the Newsroom", used the term to blame newspapers for adopting language use policies that he thinks tend to excessively avoid the appearance of bias. He argued that political correctness in language not only destroys meaning but also demeans the people who are meant to be protected.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-16805698/political-correctness-has-no-place-in-the-newsroom|title=Political Correctness Has No Place in the Newsroom|last1=Novak|first1=Robert|date=March 1995|access-date=28 October 2015|work=[[USA Today]]|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629061809/https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-16805698/political-correctness-has-no-place-in-the-newsroom|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FK7hAAAAMAAJ|title=Mass Media|last1=Gorham|first1=Joan|date=1996|publisher=Dushkin Publishing Group, [[Indiana University]]|isbn=9780697316110|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104213031/https://books.google.com/books?id=FK7hAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Media Bias|last1=Sloan|first1=David |last2=Mackay|first2=Jenn |date=2007 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|isbn=978-0786455058|page=112}}</ref>

Authors David Sloan and Emily Hoff claim that in the US, journalists shrug off concerns about political correctness in the newsroom, equating the political correctness criticisms with the old "liberal media bias" label.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c6LhAAAAMAAJ|title=Contemporary media issues|last1=Sloan|first1=David|last2=Hoff|first2=Emily|date=1998|publisher=Vision Press, [[Indiana University]]|isbn=978-1885219107|location=Northport|page=63|ref=Sloan|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010135551/https://books.google.com/books?id=c6LhAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> According to author John Wilson, left-wing forces of "political correctness" have been blamed for unrelated censorship, with ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' citing campaigns against violence on network television in the US as contributing to a "mainstream culture [that] has become cautious, sanitized, scared of its own shadow" because of "the watchful eye of the p.c. police", protests and advertiser boycotts targeting TV shows are generally organized by right-wing religious groups campaigning against violence, sex, and depictions of homosexuality on television.<ref>Wilson, John. 1995. ''[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822317135 The Myth of Political Correctness: The Conservative Attack on High Education]''. Durham, North Carolina: [[Duke University Press]]. p. [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822317135/page/7 <!-- quote="watchful eye". --> 7] {{ISBN|978-0822317135}}.</ref>

===Inclusive language===
{{Main|Inclusive language}}
[[Inclusive language|Inclusive  or Equity Language]] is a [[Style (sociolinguistics)|language style]] that avoids expressions that its proponents perceive as expressing or implying ideas that are [[Sexism|sexist]], [[Racism|racist]], or otherwise [[Bias|biased]], [[Prejudice|prejudiced]], or insulting to any particular group of people; and instead uses language intended to avoid offense and fulfill the ideals of [[egalitarianism]]. This language style is sometimes referred to as a type of "political correctness", either as a neutral description  or with negative connotations by its opponents.<ref name="Think!">{{Cite podcast |title=The Limits Of Political Correctness (panel discussion) |date=17 February 2015 |url=https://think.kera.org/2015/02/17/the-battle-over-political-correctness/ |access-date=30 May 2022 |website=Think |publisher=[[KERA (FM)]] |first=Krys |last=Boyd |language=en-US}}</ref> At least some supporters deny an association between the two ("Political correctness is focused on not offending whereas inclusive language is focused on honoring people's identities.").<ref name="UD-ILS">{{cite web |title=Inclusive Language Standards |url=https://www1.udel.edu/itwebdev/help/dei.html#:~:text=%22Inclusive%20language%20is%20not%20the,focused%20on%20honoring%20people's%20identities. |website=University of Delaware |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>

===Satirical use===
Political correctness is often [[satirized]], for example in ''The PC Manifesto'' (1992) by Saul Jerushalmy and Rens Zbignieuw X,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiction.net/tidbits/politics/pc.html|title=TidBits: The PC Manifesto|publisher=Fiction.net|access-date=1 June 2009|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007193505/http://www.fiction.net/tidbits/politics/pc.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Politically Correct Bedtime Stories]]'' (1994) by [[James Finn Garner]], which presents [[fairy tale]]s re-written from an exaggerated politically correct perspective. In 1994, the comedy film ''[[PCU (film)|PCU]]'' took a look at political correctness on a college campus. Other examples include the television program ''[[Politically Incorrect]]'', [[George Carlin]]'s "[[Euphemism]]s" routine,{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} and ''The Politically Correct Scrapbook''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.capc.co.uk/PC%20_Scrapbook_Main.htm|title=Book – Buy Now |publisher=Capc.co.uk|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090530054012/http://www.capc.co.uk/PC%20_Scrapbook_Main.htm|archive-date=30 May 2009|access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref> The popularity of the ''[[South Park]]'' cartoon program led to the creation of the term "[[South Park Republican|''South Park'' Republican]]" by [[Andrew Sullivan]],{{cn|date=July 2023}} and later the book ''[[South Park Conservatives]]'' by [[Brian C. Anderson]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rich|first1=Frank|title=Conservatives ♥ 'South Park'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/01/opinion/conservatives-south-park.html|work=The New York Times|date=May 1, 2005}}</ref> In its [[South Park (season 19)|Season 19]] (2015), ''South Park'' introduced the character [[PC Principal]], who embodies the principle, to poke fun at the principle of political correctness.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2273831/south-park-caitlyn-jenner-joke/|title='South Park' Perfectly Showed How To Do A Caitlyn Jenner Joke Right|last1=Bell|first1=Crystal|date=17 September 2015|newspaper=[[MTV]]|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010120846/http://www.mtv.com/news/2273831/south-park-caitlyn-jenner-joke/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/pc-principal-rides-the-line-between-hero-and-villain-on-1798185980|title=PC Principal rides the line between hero and villain on the season finale of ''South Park''|last1=Caffrey|first1=Dan|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|date=10 December 2015|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814044254/http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/pc-principal-rides-line-between-hero-and-villain-s-229588|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[The Colbert Report]]'''s host [[Stephen Colbert (character)|Stephen Colbert]] often talked, satirically, about the "PC Police".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Steinberg|first1=Dan|date=27 March 2014|title=Colbert Report on Redskins' new foundation|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dc-sports-bog/wp/2014/03/27/colbert-report-on-redskins-new-foundation/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=3 December 2015|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804181605/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dc-sports-bog/wp/2014/03/27/colbert-report-on-redskins-new-foundation/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2014/04/01/stephen_colbert_jokes_about_cancelcolbert_the_system_worked/|title=Stephen Colbert jokes about #CancelColbert: 'The system worked!'|last1=D'addario|first1=Daniel|website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]|date=1 April 2014|access-date=3 December 2015|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225135818/https://www.salon.com/2014/04/01/stephen_colbert_jokes_about_cancelcolbert_the_system_worked/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Science===
{{See also|Politicization of science}}
Groups who oppose certain generally accepted scientific views about [[evolution]], [[second-hand smoke|second-hand tobacco smoke]], [[AIDS denialism|AIDS]], [[global warming]], [[Race (human categorization)|race]] and other politically contentious scientific matters have used the term ''political correctness'' to describe what they view as unwarranted rejection of their perspective on these issues by a scientific community that they believe has been corrupted by liberal politics.<ref name=Bethell>{{Cite book |last=Bethell |first=Tom |title=The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science |publisher=[[Regnery Publishing]] |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2005 |isbn=978-0895260314 |url=https://archive.org/details/politicallyincor00beth_0 }}</ref>