Editing Propaganda model (section)

===Anti-Communism and fear===
{{rquote|right|So I think when we talked about the "fifth filter" we should have brought in all this stuff -- the way artificial fears are created with a dual purpose... partly to get rid of people you don't like but partly to frighten the rest.
Because if people are frightened, they will accept authority.|[[Noam Chomsky]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Noam Chomsky |title=Understanding Power: The Indispensable Chomsky |editor1=Peter R. Mitchell |editor2=John Schoeffel |name-list-style=amp |place=New York |publisher=The New Press |year=2002 |at=Footnote 35}}</ref>|}}

The fifth and final news filter that Herman and Chomsky identified was 'anti-communism'. ''Manufacturing Consent'' was written during the Cold War. Chomsky updated the model as "fear", often as 'the enemy' or an 'evil dictator' such as [[Colonel Gaddafi]], [[Paul Biya]], [[Saddam Hussein]], [[Slobodan Milosevic]], or [[Vladimir Putin]]. This is exemplified in British tabloid headlines of 'Smash Saddam!' and 'Clobba Slobba!'.<ref name="The Propaganda Model: An Overview">{{Cite web|url=https://chomsky.info/2002____/ |title=Noam Chomsky|website=chomsky.info}}</ref> The same is said to extend to mainstream reporting of [[environmentalist]]s as '[[eco-terrorist]]s'. ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' ran a series of articles in 1999 accusing activists from the [[non-violent]] [[direct action]] group [[Reclaim The Streets]] of stocking up on CS gas and stun guns.<ref name="The Propaganda Model: An Overview"/>

Anti-ideologies exploit public fear and hatred of groups that pose a potential threat, either real, exaggerated or imagined. [[Communism]] once posed the primary threat according to the model. Communism and [[socialism]] were portrayed by their detractors as endangering freedoms of speech, movement, the press and so forth. They argue that such a portrayal was often used as a means to silence voices critical of elite interests. Chomsky argues that since the end of the Cold War (1991), anticommunism was replaced by the "War on Terror", as the major social control mechanism: "Anti-communism has receded as an ideological factor in the Western media, but it is not dead... The 'war on terror' has provided a useful substitute for the Soviet Menace."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chomsky.info/200911__/|title=The Propaganda Model after 20 Years: Interview with Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky|website=chomsky.info|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> Following the events of September 11, 2001, some scholars agree that [[Islamophobia]] is replacing anti-communism as a new source of public fear.{{sfn|Allan|2010|p=22}} Herman and Chomsky noted, in an interview given in 2009, that the popularity of 'anti-communism' as a news filter is slowly decreasing in favor of other more contemporary ideologies such as 'anti-terrorism'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chomsky.info/200911__/|title=The Propaganda Model after 20 Years: Interview with Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky|website=chomsky.info|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/24f173fa-cf31-4d46-aa2e-8431eb9739e0.pdf|title=Broadcasting Climate Change: State and Media|website=ecpr.eu|access-date=2021-02-11}}</ref>