Editing Public broadcasting (section)

==== Brazil ====
{{see also|Empresa Brasil de Comunicação|Fundação Padre Anchieta}}
In Brazil, the two main national broadcasters are [[Brazil Communication Company|Empresa Brasil de Comunicação]] (EBC) and the [[Father Anchieta Foundation|Fundação Padre Anchieta]] (FPA). EBC was created in 2007 to manage the Brazilian federal government's radio and television stations. EBC owns broadcast the television channel [[TV Brasil]] (launched in 2007, being the merger of TVE Brasil, launched in [[Rio de Janeiro]] in 1975, and TV Nacional, launched in [[Brasília|Brasilia]] in 1960), the radio stations [[Rádio Nacional]] and [[Rádio MEC]], broadcast to [[Brasília|Brasilia]], Rio de Janeiro, [[São Paulo]], [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Recife]], and [[Tabatinga]], [[Rádio Nacional da Amazônia]], a [[Shortwave radio|shortwave]] radio station based in Brasília with programming aimed to the population of the [[Amazônia Legal|Amazon]] region, and [[Agência Brasil]], a news agency. Starting in 2021, EBC expanded the coverage of its radio stations through the new [[FM extended band in Brazil|FM extended band]] to the metropolitan areas of São Paulo, Belo Horizonte and Recife, important Brazilian regions which did not have EBC radio stations.<ref name="agbr">{{cite news |last1=Ivo de Oliveira |first1=Pedro |date=7 May 2021 |title=EBC inaugura banda estendida FM e estreia programação em 5 capitais |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2021-05/ebc-inaugura-banda-estendida-fm-e-estreia-programacao-em-5-capitais |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126001517/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2021-05/ebc-inaugura-banda-estendida-fm-e-estreia-programacao-em-5-capitais |archive-date=26 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |work=Agência Brasil |language=pt-br}}</ref>

[[Fundação Padre Anchieta|FPA]] is a [[non-profit foundation]] created by the government of the state of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] in 1967 and includes a national educational public television network ([[TV Cultura]], launched in 1969 in [[São Paulo]], which is available in all [[Federative units of Brazil|Brazilian states]] through its 135 affiliates),<ref>{{cite web |title=Cobertura |url=https://fpa.com.br/cobertura/?_ga=2.197406502.884143948.1634790296-699539558.1634790296 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021051837/https://fpa.com.br/cobertura/?_ga=2.197406502.884143948.1634790296-699539558.1634790296 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=Padre Anchieta Foundation |language=pt-BR}}</ref> two radio stations ([[Rádio Cultura]] FM and Rádio Cultura Brasil, both broadcasting to [[Greater São Paulo]]), two educational TV channels aimed at [[distance education]] (TV Educação and Univesp TV, which is available on free-to-air digital TV in São Paulo and nationally by cable and satellite), and the children's TV channel [[TV Rá-Tim-Bum]], available nationally on pay TV.

Many Brazilian states also have regional and statewide public radio and television stations. One example is [[Minas Gerais]], which has the EMC (''Empresa Mineira de Comunicação''), a public corporation created in 2016 modelled on EBC, formed by [[Rede Minas]], a statewide television network and the two stations of [[Rádio Inconfidência]], which operates in AM, FM and [[Shortwave radio|shortwave]]; in the state of [[Pará]], the state-funded foundation FUNTELPA (''Fundação Paraense de Radiodifusão'') operates the public educational state-wide television network Rede Cultura do Pará (which covers the entire state of Pará, reaching many cities of [[Amazônia Legal|Brazilian Amazon]]) and Rádio Cultura, a public radio station which broadcasts in FM for [[Belém]]. The state of [[Espírito Santo]] has the RTV-ES (''Rádio e Televisão Espírito Santo''), with its television channel TVE-ES (''TV Educativa do Espírito Santo'') and an AM radio station (''Rádio Espírito Santo''), and in [[Rio Grande do Sul]], the state-wide public television channel TVE-RS (''TV Educativa do Rio Grande do Sul'') and the public radio station FM Cultura (which broadcasts for [[Porto Alegre]] metropolitan area) are the two public broadcasters in the state. Regional public television channels in Brazil often broadcast part of TV Brasil or TV Cultura programming among with some hours of local programming.

Since the government of [[Michel Temer]], EBC has received several criticism from some politicians for having an alleged political bias.<ref name="oglobo">{{cite news |date=11 June 2016 |title=EBC virou 'cabide de emprego' e símbolo de aparelhamento político, diz ministro |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/ebc-virou-cabide-de-emprego-simbolo-de-aparelhamento-politico-diz-ministro-19487534 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410023630/https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/ebc-virou-cabide-de-emprego-simbolo-de-aparelhamento-politico-diz-ministro-19487534 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=10 April 2021 |work=O Globo |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Com desenho animado e programas chapa-branca, para que serve a TV Brasil? {{!}} Tela Plana |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/tela-plana/com-desenho-animado-e-programas-chapa-branca-para-que-serve-a-tv-brasil/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410030441/https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/tela-plana/com-desenho-animado-e-programas-chapa-branca-para-que-serve-a-tv-brasil/ |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=10 April 2021 |work=Veja |language=pt-BR}}</ref> The president of Brazil from 2019 to 2022, [[Jair Bolsonaro]], said in his campaign for the [[Brazilian presidential election, 2018|presidential election in 2018]] that the public broadcaster is allegedly a "job hanger" (public company existing only for the purpose of securing positions for political allies) and has proposed to privatize or extinguish the public company.<ref>{{cite news |title=Promessa de campanha, privatização da EBC fica para depois de 2022 {{!}} Radar Econômico |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/radar-economico/promessa-de-campanha-privatizacao-da-ebc-fica-para-proximo-presidente/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410023729/https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/radar-economico/promessa-de-campanha-privatizacao-da-ebc-fica-para-proximo-presidente/ |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=10 April 2021 |work=Veja |language=pt-BR}}</ref> On April 9, 2021, the president inserted the public company into the National Privatization Program, with the intention of carrying out studies about the possibility of privatization of the public broadcaster.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 April 2021 |title=EBC e Eletrobras são incluídas no programa de privatização |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/radioagencia-nacional/politica/audio/2021-04/ebc-e-eletrobras-sao-incluidas-no-programa-de-privatizacao |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410023634/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/radioagencia-nacional/politica/audio/2021-04/ebc-e-eletrobras-sao-incluidas-no-programa-de-privatizacao |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=10 April 2021 |work=Agência Brasil |publisher=EBC |language=pt-br}}</ref> Some states often had problems with their public broadcasting services. In São Paulo, FPA had sometimes dealt with budget cuts, labor disputes and strikes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Castro |first1=Daniel |date=19 June 2015 |title=Funcionários da TV Cultura entram em greve por aumento e abono |url=https://noticiasdatv.uol.com.br/noticia/televisao/funcionarios-da-tv-cultura-entram-em-greve-por-aumento-e-abono-8332 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410065929/https://noticiasdatv.uol.com.br/noticia/televisao/funcionarios-da-tv-cultura-entram-em-greve-por-aumento-e-abono-8332 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=10 April 2021 |work=Notícias da TV |language=pt-BR}}</ref> In Rio Grande do Sul, TVE-RS and FM Cultura were managed by the Piratini Foundation, a non-profit state foundation. However, due to the public debt crisis in the state, in 2018, the Piratini Foundation had its activities closed, and TVE-RS and FM Cultura started to be managed by the Secretariat of Communication of the state government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Extinções da Fundação Piratini e da Cientec são publicadas no Diário Oficial do Rio Grande do Sul |url=https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/extincoes-da-fundacao-piratini-e-da-cientec-sao-publicadas-no-diario-oficial-do-rio-grande-do-sul.ghtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410065926/https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/extincoes-da-fundacao-piratini-e-da-cientec-sao-publicadas-no-diario-oficial-do-rio-grande-do-sul.ghtml |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=10 April 2021 |work=G1 |language=pt-br}}</ref>

Brazil also has many [[campus radio]] and [[community radio]] stations and several educational local TV channels (many of them belonging to public and private universities).<ref>{{cite news |title=Televisões universitárias e a força das transmissões |url=http://www.observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/tv-em-questao/televisoes-universitarias-e-a-forca-das-transmissoes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410065927/http://www.observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/tv-em-questao/televisoes-universitarias-e-a-forca-das-transmissoes/ |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=10 April 2021 |work=Observatório da Imprensa |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UPFTV transmitirá a programação da TV Cultura |url=https://www.upf.br/noticia/upftv-transmitira-a-programacao-da-tv-cultura |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410065929/https://www.upf.br/noticia/upftv-transmitira-a-programacao-da-tv-cultura |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=10 April 2021 |work=University of Passo Fundo |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Radiodifusão: licenças e outorgas |url=https://www.abert.org.br/web/index.php/dados-do-setor/estatisticas/radiodifusao-licencas-e-outorgas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410065928/https://www.abert.org.br/web/index.php/dados-do-setor/estatisticas/radiodifusao-licencas-e-outorgas |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=10 April 2021 |website=ABERT |language=pt-BR}}</ref>