Editing Pullman Strike (section)

==Aftermath==
Debs was arrested on federal charges, including conspiracy to obstruct the mail as well as disobeying an order directed to him by the Supreme Court to stop the obstruction of railways and to dissolve the boycott. He was defended by [[Clarence Darrow]], a prominent attorney, as well as [[Lyman Trumbull]]. At the conspiracy trial Darrow argued that it was the railways, not Debs and his union, that met in secret and conspired against their opponents. Sensing that Debs would be acquitted, the prosecution dropped the charge when a juror took ill. Although Darrow also represented Debs at the United States Supreme Court for violating the federal injunction, Debs was sentenced to six months in prison.<ref>{{cite book|author=John A. Farrell |title=Clarence Darrow: Attorney for the Damned |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gd11gB_4K1kC&pg=PA69 |year=2011 |publisher=Random House Digital, Inc. |pages=69–72 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510202931/https://books.google.com/books?id=gd11gB_4K1kC&pg=PA69 |archive-date=May 10, 2016 |isbn=9780385534512 }}</ref>

Early in 1895, [[William Montrose Graham Jr.|General Graham]] erected a memorial obelisk in the [[San Francisco National Cemetery]] at the [[Presidio of San Francisco|Presidio]] in honor of four soldiers of the [[5th Air Defense Artillery Regiment|5th Artillery]] killed in a Sacramento train crash of July 11, 1894, during the strike. The train wrecked crossing a [[trestle bridge]] purportedly dynamited by union members.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Leach |first1=Frank A. |title=Recollections of a newspaperman; a record of life and events in California |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/18008692/ |website=U.S. Library of Congress |access-date=14 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102014459/http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/railroad/strike.html |archive-date=November 2, 2016 }}</ref> Graham's monument included the inscription "Murdered by Strikers", a description he hotly defended.<ref>{{cite news|title=General Graham Writes of Treason |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1895-08-25/ed-1/seq-12.pdf |access-date=14 April 2017 |publisher=San Francisco Call via Library of Congress |date=22 August 1895 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414081337/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1895-08-25/ed-1/seq-12.pdf |archive-date=April 14, 2017 }}</ref> The obelisk remains in place.

In the aftermath of the Pullman Strike, the ARU was disbanded and the state ordered the company to sell off its residential holdings.<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Pullman |url=https://www.pullmanil.org/the-history-of-pullman/ |website=Historic Pullman Foundation |access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref> Many Pullman workers joined the AFL after the collapse of the ARU. Following the death of George Pullman (1897), the Pullman company would be led by Robert Todd Lincoln, and Thomas Wickes would become the company's vice president. With this change the company would shift its focus away from its environmental strategy of having superior living and recreational accommodations to keep workers loyal, and would instead use the town of Pullman for more industrial purposes, building storage and repair shops in place of fields. While the Pullman company continued to grow, monopolizing the train car industry, the town of Pullman struggled with deteriorating housing and cramped living spaces.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hirsch |first1=Susan |title=After the Strike : A Century of Labor Struggle at Pullman. |date=2003 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |pages=42–48}}</ref> The company remained the area's largest employer before closing in the 1950s.

The area is both a National Historic Landmark and a Chicago Landmark District. Because of the significance of the strike, many state agencies and non-profit groups{{as of?|date=May 2018}} are hoping for many revivals of the Pullman neighborhoods, starting with Pullman Park, one of the largest projects. It was to be a $350 million mixed-use development on the site of an old steel plant. The plan was for 670,000 square feet of new retail space, a 125,000 square foot neighborhood recreation center, and 1,100 housing units.<ref>Historical NY Times</ref>{{incomplete short citation|date=May 2018}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pullman Park |url=https://www.cnigroup.org/pullman-revitalization/pullman-park/ |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=CNI Group |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Politics===
[[File:The Vanguard of Anarchy -- Eugene Debs -- Pullman Strike 1894.jpg|thumb|''[[Harper's Weekly]]'' labeled Eugene Debs and the strike organizers as "The Vanguard of [[Anarchy]]", July 21, 1894.|upright]]

Following his release from prison in 1895, ARU President Debs became a committed advocate of [[socialism]], helping in 1897 to launch the [[Social Democracy of America]], a forerunner of the [[Socialist Party of America]]. He ran for president in 1900 for the first of five times as head of the Socialist Party ticket.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eugene-V-Debs|title=Eugene V. Debs {{!}} American social and labour leader|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-11-16|language=en}}</ref>

Civil as well as criminal charges were brought against the organizers of the strike and Debs in particular, and the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] issued a unanimous decision, ''[[In re Debs]],'' that rejected Debs' actions. The Illinois Governor [[John P. Altgeld]] was incensed at Cleveland for putting the federal government at the service of the employers, and for rejecting Altgeld's plan to use his state militia rather than federal troops to keep order.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Zavodnyik |title=The Rise of the Federal Colossus: The Growth of Federal Power from Lincoln to F.D.R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0v8LMPyZzNEC&pg=PA233 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=233–34 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617112957/https://books.google.com/books?id=0v8LMPyZzNEC&pg=PA233 |archive-date=June 17, 2016 |isbn=9780313392948 }}</ref>

Cleveland's administration appointed a national commission to study the causes of the 1894 strike; it found George Pullman's [[paternalism]] partly to blame and described the operations of his [[company town]] to be "un-American".<ref>Stanley Buder, ''Pullman: An Experiment in Industrial Order and Community Planning, 1880–1930''</ref> The report condemned Pullman for refusing to negotiate and for the economic hardships he created for workers in the town of Pullman. "The aesthetic features are admired by visitors, but have little money value to employees, especially when they lack bread."<ref name=Archaeology>{{cite journal|author=Pearon, Arthur Melville|date=January–February 2009|title=Utopia Derailed|journal=Archaeology|volume=62|issue=1|pages=46–49|issn=0003-8113 |url=http://www.archaeology.org/0901/abstracts/pullman.html|access-date=2010-09-15}}</ref> The State of Illinois filed suit, and in 1898 the [[Illinois Supreme Court]] forced the Pullman Company to divest ownership in the town, as its company charter did not authorize such operations. The town was annexed to Chicago.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Dennis R. Judd |author2=Paul Kantor |title=Enduring tensions in urban politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YsTxAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Macmillan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425202219/https://books.google.com/books?id=YsTxAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=April 25, 2016 |isbn=9780023614552 }}</ref> Much of it is now designated as an historic district, which is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].

===Labor Day===
In 1894, in an effort to conciliate organized labor after the strike, President Grover Cleveland and Congress designated [[Labor Day]] as a federal holiday in contrast with the more radical [[International Workers' Day|May Day]]. Legislation for the holiday was pushed through Congress six days after the strike ended. Samuel Gompers, who had sided with the federal government in its effort to end the strike by the American Railway Union, spoke out in favor of the holiday.<ref name="PBS">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/business-july-dec01-labor_day_9-2/ |title=Online NewsHour: Origins of Labor Day – September 2, 1996 |publisher=PBS |access-date=July 25, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209171617/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/business-july-dec01-labor_day_9-2/ |archive-date=February 9, 2014 |date=September 3, 2001 }}</ref><ref>Bill Haywood, ''The Autobiography of Big Bill Haywood,'' 1929, p. 78 ppbk.</ref>