Editing Quotation (section)

===Quotative inversion===
Quotative inversion occurs in sentences where the direct quotation can occur before a verb of saying or after a verb of saying. It can trigger inversion of the verb and the verb's [[subject (grammar)|subject]]. Subject-verb inversion occurs most often in written works, being rare in speech.<ref name="collins">{{cite journal |last1=Collins |first1=Chris |last2=Branigan |first2=Phil |title=Quotative Inversion |journal=Natural Language & Linguistic Theory |date=February 1997 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–41 |doi=10.1023/A:1005722729974 |s2cid=189899706 }}</ref> Quotations may appear before the inverted verb, but can also appear after the subject,<ref name="bruening">{{cite journal |last1=Bruening |first1=Benjamin |title=Alignment in Syntax: Quotative Inversion in English |journal=Syntax |date=15 April 2016 |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=113 |doi=10.1111/synt.12121 }}</ref> such as: ''"I am going to follow you all the rest of my life," declared the man'' <ref name="bruening"/> and ''Said the woman: "I see you with both my eyes."''<ref name="bruening"/>

Also referred to as inverted quotations, this technique of reversing the sequence of an existing phrase or formulation is commonly found in biblical texts, particularly the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferries |first=Ryan A. R. |date=2022 |title=Edom and Babylon: Archetypal Enemies of God and His People. A Comparative Analysis of Obadiah and Isaiah 13:2-14:23 |url=https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1010-99192022000300006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Old Testament Essays |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=475–495 |doi=10.17159/2312-3621/2022/v35n3a7 |issn=1010-9919|doi-access=free }}</ref> It serves to evoke various emotional and rhetorical effects, mainly to draw extra attention from the reader or listener.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lyons |first=Michael A. |date=2021 |title=Local Incoherence, Global Coherence? Allusion and the Readability of Ancient Israelite Literature |url=https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1010-99192021000100008&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Old Testament Essays |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=141–164 |doi=10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n1a9 |issn=1010-9919|hdl=10023/23302 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beentjes |first=Pancratius C. |date=1982 |title=Inverted Quotations in the Bible A Neglected Stylistic Pattern |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42707154 |journal=Biblica |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=506–523 |jstor=42707154 |issn=0006-0887}}</ref> By reversing a previously established sequence, authors can introduce surprise, emphasize key points, or create contrasts that highlight the text's significance and its connections to other biblical passages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steyn |first=G. J. |date=2003-11-17 |title=Some observations about the Vorlage of Ps 8:5-7 in Heb 2:6-8 |url=https://verbumetecclesia.org.za/index.php/ve/article/view/334 |journal=Verbum et Ecclesia |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=493–514 |doi=10.4102/ve.v24i2.334 |issn=2074-7705|hdl=2263/10521 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Combs |first=Jason Robert |date=January 2024 |title=An Extended Inverted Allusion to Psalm 22 in Mark 15: Reading Reversal in the Markan Passion |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0028688523000346/type/journal_article |journal=New Testament Studies |language=en |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=23–37 |doi=10.1017/S0028688523000346 |issn=0028-6885|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

====Syntax====
In syntactic terms, these direct quotations can be presented in two forms. The first is as the [[complement (linguistics)|complement]] of a quotative verb (e.g. Marie said: "My brother has arrived"), and the second being as a head clause with a quotative [[adjunct (grammar)|adjunct]] (e.g. "My brother has arrived", Marie announces).<ref name="sdq bonami"/> The [[verb phrase]] can be further expanded to include a complement, such as: "They'll never make it!" cried John ''to Mary''. Subjects must precede the complement, otherwise the structure formed will be ungrammatical (e.g. *"They'll never make it!" cried ''to Mary'' John).<ref name="collins"/> Quotative inversion is only allowed when the verb is in the [[simple present]] or the [[simple past]]. The most common pairing is the verb ''said'' with a [[nominal (linguistics)|nominal]] subject, such as: "That's the whole trouble," said Gwen.<ref name="anna">{{cite journal |last1=Cichosz |first1=Anna |title=Parenthetical reporting clauses in the history of English: the development of quotative inversion |journal=English Language and Linguistics |date=March 2019 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=183–214 |doi=10.1017/S1360674317000594 |s2cid=125456450 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/english-language-and-linguistics/article/parenthetical-reporting-clauses-in-the-history-of-english-the-development-of-quotative-inversion/D9796FA7297499AFD9B021EEA1A6F56C |access-date=17 April 2020|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Additionally, [[noun phrase]]s are not permitted in addition to the subject when inversion takes place.<ref name="collins"/> They are allowed only when there is no subject-verb inversion, or when part of a preposition phrase.<ref name="bruening"/>
:: a. "Why?" Gabrielle asked the attendant.<ref name="bruening"/> - <small>No subject-verb inversion</small>
:: b. "Why?" asked Gabrielle of the attendant.<ref name="bruening"/> - <small>NP part of a preposition phrase</small>
:: c. ''*''"Why?" asked Gabrielle the attendant.<ref name="bruening"/> - <small>Subject-verb inversion unlikely with an NP in addition to the subject</small>

In English, both verb-subject and subject-verb word orders are permitted:

:: a. "Don't turn back!" warned Marcel.<ref name="collins"/> - <small>Verb-subject order</small>
:: b. "Who's on first?" Swami demanded.<ref name="collins"/> - <small>Subject-verb order</small>

This however, is not the case in all languages. For example, in Peninsular Spanish, this inversion is not allowed. Quotatives must follow verb-subject order:

:: a. ''«No, no es un enanito», rectifica el viejo.''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Suñer |first1=Margarita |title=The Syntax of Direct Quotes with Special Reference to Spanish and English |journal=Natural Language & Linguistic Theory |date=August 2000 |volume=18 |issue=3 |page=532 |jstor=4047939 }}</ref> - <small>Verb-subject order</small>
:::"No, he is not a gnome", corrects the old man.

:: b. ''*«No, no es un enanito», el viejo rectifica.''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matos |first1=Gabriel |title=Quotative Inversion in Peninsular Portuguese and Spanish, and in English |journal=Catalan Journal of Linguistics |date=2013 |volume=12 |page=112 |doi=10.5565/rev/catjl.86 |doi-access=free |hdl=10451/32653 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> - <small>Subject-verb order unlikely for introducing quotations</small>
:::"No, he is not a gnome", the old man corrects.