Editing Ranjit Singh (section)

===Expansion===
[[File:Maharaja Ranjit Singh on horseback (with black hairs still visible in his beard), circa 1830–1839.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Ranjit Singh on horseback (with black hairs still visible in his beard), circa 1830–1839]]
In 1802, Ranjit Singh, aged 22, took Amritsar from the Bhangi Sikh ''misl'', paid homage at the [[Harmandir Sahib]] temple, which had previously been attacked and desecrated by the invading Afghan army, and announced that he would renovate and rebuild it with marble and gold.<ref>{{cite book|author=Patwant Singh|title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr4VAQAAIAAJ |year=2008| publisher=Peter Owen| isbn=978-0-7206-1323-0| pages=18, 177 }}</ref>

[[File:Ranjit Singh's golden throne.jpg|thumb|[[Maharaja Ranjit Singh's throne]], c. 1820–1830, Hafiz Muhammad Multani, now at V & A Museum.]]
On 1 January 1806, Ranjit Singh signed a treaty with the British officials of the East India Company, in which he agreed that his Sikh forces would not attempt to expand south of the Sutlej River, and the Company agreed that it would not attempt to militarily cross the Sutlej River into the Sikh territory.<ref>{{cite book|author=Anita Anand|title=Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd4yBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |year=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-63286-081-1 |page=12 }}</ref>

In 1807, Ranjit Singh's forces attacked the Muslim-ruled principality of [[Kasur]] and, after a [[Battle of Kasur|month of fierce fighting]], defeated the Afghan chief Qutb-ud-Din, thus expanding his empire northwest towards Afghanistan.<ref name=eos-rs>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Kushwant |last=Singh |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Harbans |editor1-link=Harbans Singh |title=Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism | volume=III M–R |edition=Third |pages=479–487 |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r/page/479/mode/1up |date=2011 |isbn=978-8-1-7380-349-9 |language=English}}</ref> In the same year he also annexed the [[Sial dynasty|Sial]]-ruled [[Jhang]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rishi |title=State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab |publisher=Sage Publications India |year=2014 |isbn=978-9351505044 |quote=When Ranjit Singh realised that Ahmad Khan Sial of Jhang had concluded a secret treaty with Nawab Muzaffar Khan of Multan, he annexed Jhang in 1807 and gave Ahmad Khan a jagir at Mirowal near Amritsar.}}</ref>

The most significant encounters between the Sikhs in the command of the Maharaja and the Afghans were in 1813, 1823, 1834 and 1837.<ref name=Grewal6/> In 1813, Ranjit Singh's general [[Dewan Mokham Chand]] led the Sikh forces against the Afghan forces of [[Mahmud Shah Durrani|Shah Mahmud]] led by Fateh Khan Barakzai. The Afghans lost their stronghold of [[Attock]] in [[Battle of Attock|that battle]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Patwant Singh|title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr4VAQAAIAAJ |year=2008|publisher=Peter Owen|isbn=978-0-7206-1323-0|pages=113–116}}</ref>

In 1813–14, Ranjit Singh's first attempt to expand into Kashmir was foiled by Afghan forces led by [[Azim Khan]], due to a heavy downpour, the spread of cholera, and poor food supply to his troops.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} In 1819 at the [[Battle of Shopian]], he successfully defeated the Afghan rulers and annexed [[Kashmir valley]], stretching his rule into the north and the Jhelum valley, beyond the foothills of the Himalayas,<ref name=eos-rs/><ref name=iahmed1998/> along with a yearly revenue of Rs seventy lacs. [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] [[Moti Ram]] was appointed governor of Kashmir.<ref name="lee">{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2019 |isbn=978-1789140101 |pages=170–190 |language=English}}</ref>

In 1818, Darbar's forces led by Kharak Singh and Misr Dewan Chand [[siege of Multan (1818)|occupied Multan]], killing [[Nawab Muzaffar Khan]] and defeating his forces, leading to the end of Afghan influence in the Punjab.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1838|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ|access-date=1 April 2011|edition=2nd|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567308-1|page=252}}</ref> The whole [[Bari Doab]] came under his rule with that conquest. With the defeat of [[Nawab of Mankera]] in 1821, whole [[Sind Sagar Doab]] came under subjugation by the Sikhs. In 1823, [[Yusufzai (Pashtun tribe)|Yusufzai]] Pashtuns fought the army of Ranjit Sing north of the [[Kabul River]].<ref name=patwantp120>{{cite book|author=Patwant Singh|title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr4VAQAAIAAJ |year=2008|publisher=Peter Owen|isbn=978-0-7206-1323-0|pages=120–124}}</ref>

[[File:Coin of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.jpg|thumb|Coins were issued under the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.]]
In 1834, Mohammed Azim Khan once again marched towards Peshawar with an army of 25,000 [[Khattak]] and [[Yusafzai]] tribesmen in the name of jihad, to fight against the king. The Maharaja defeated the forces. Yar Mohammad Khan was pardoned and was reinvested as governor of Peshawar with an annual revenue of Rs one lac ten thousand to Lahore Darbar.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1838|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ|access-date=1 April 2011|edition=2nd|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567308-1|page=265}}</ref>

In 1835, the Afghans and Sikhs met again at the [[Standoff at the Khyber Pass (1834–1835)|Standoff at the Khyber Pass]], however it ended without a battle.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1cOAAAAQAAJ&dq=khyber+pass+1835&pg=PA223|title=A History of the Sikhs, from the Origin of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej|author=Joseph Davey Cunningham|date=1843|pages=9}}</ref>

In 1837, the [[Battle of Jamrud]], became the last confrontation between the Sikhs led by him and the Afghans, which displayed the extent of the western boundaries of the Sikh Empire.<ref>{{cite book|author=Khushwant Singh|title=Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C  |year=2008|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-306543-2 |pages= 227–231, 246 }}</ref><ref name=roylorge100>{{cite book|author1=Kaushik Roy |author2= Peter Lorge|title=Chinese and Indian Warfare – From the Classical Age to 1870|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=627fBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100|year=2014|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-58710-1 |pages=100–103 }}</ref>

On 25 November 1838, the two most powerful armies on the Indian subcontinent assembled in a grand review at Ferozepore as Ranjit Singh, the Maharajah of the Punjab brought out the ''Dal Khalsa'' to march alongside the sepoy troops of the East India Company and the British troops in India.<ref>Perry, James ''Arrogant Armies'', Edison: CastleBooks, 2005 pp. 109–110.</ref> In 1838, he agreed to a treaty with the British viceroy Lord Auckland to restore Shah Shoja to the Afghan throne in Kabul. In pursuance of this agreement, the British army of the Indus entered Afghanistan from the south, while Ranjit Singh's troops went through the Khyber Pass and took part in the victory parade in Kabul.<ref name=britranjit>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ranjit-Singh-Sikh-maharaja Ranjit Singh] Encyclopædia Britannica, Khushwant Singh (2015)</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth Pletcher|title=The History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&q=ranjit+singh+entered+kabul&pg=PA248|year=2010|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|isbn=978-1615302017}}</ref>