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Religiosity
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==Causes and correlates== ===Genes and environment=== [[File:Church Attendance and Welfare Spending Graph.png|thumb|350px|National welfare spending vs church attendance in Christian societies<ref name="Gill 2004 399β436">{{cite journal | title = State Welfare Spending and Religiosity | journal = Comparative Political Studies | first = Anthony | last = Gill |author2=Erik Lundsgaarde | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = 399β436 | year = 2004| doi = 10.1177/1043463104046694 | s2cid = 145609214 | url = http://faculty.washington.edu/tgill/Gill%20Lundsgaarde%20Welfare%20Religion.pdf }}</ref>]] The contributions of [[genes]] and [[Natural environment|environment]] to religiosity have been quantified in [[twin study|studies of twins]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bouchard | first1 = TJ Jr | last2 = McGue | first2 = M | last3 = Lykken | first3 = D | last4 = Tellegen | first4 = A | date = Jun 1999 | title = Intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness: genetic and environmental influences and personality correlates | journal = Twin Res. | volume = 2 | issue = 2| pages = 88β98 | doi = 10.1375/twin.2.2.88 | pmid = 10480743 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kirk | first1 = KM | last2 = Eaves | first2 = LJ | last3 = Martin | first3 = NG | date = Jun 1999 | title = Self-transcendence as a measure of spirituality in a sample of older Australian twins | journal = Twin Res. | volume = 2 | issue = 2| pages = 81β7 | pmid = 10480742 | doi = 10.1375/twin.2.2.81 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and sociological studies of welfare, availability, and legal regulations<ref>Nolan, P., & Lenski, G. E. (2010). Human societies: Introduction to macrosociology. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publisher. {{isbn|978-1594515781}}.</ref> ([[state religions]], etc.). Koenig and colleagues reported in a 2005 research paper that between [[adolescence]] and [[adulthood]], the contribution of genes to variation in religiosity (called [[heritability]]) increases from 12% to 44% and the contribution of shared (family) effects decreases from 56% to 18%.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Koenig | first1 = L. B. | last2 = McGue | first2 = M. | last3 = Krueger | first3 = R. F. | last4 = Bouchard Jr | first4 = T. J. | year = 2005 | title = Genetic and environmental influences on religiousness: findings for retrospective and current religiousness ratings | journal = Journal of Personality | volume = 73| issue = 2 | pages = 471β488| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00316.x | pmid = 15745438 }}</ref> A market-based theory of religious choice and governmental regulation of religion have been the dominant theories used to explain variations of religiosity between societies{{Clarify|date=January 2017}}. However, researchers Anthony Gill and Eric Lundsgaarde documented a much stronger correlation between welfare state spending and religiosity (see diagram).<ref name="Gill 2004 399β436"/> ===Just-world fallacy=== Studies have found [[Just-world fallacy|belief in a just world]] to be correlated with aspects of religiosity.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Begue | first1 = L | year = 2002 | title = Beliefs in justice and faith in people: just world, religiosity and interpersonal trust | journal = Personality and Individual Differences | volume = 32 | issue = 3| pages = 375β382 | doi = 10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00224-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kurst | first1 = J. | last2 = Bjorck | first2 = J. | last3 = Tan | first3 = S. | year = 2000 | title = Causal attributions for uncontrollable negative events | journal = Journal of Psychology and Christianity | volume = 19 | pages = 47β60 }}</ref> ===Risk-aversion=== Several studies have discovered a positive correlation between the degree of religiousness and [[risk aversion]].<ref>{{cite journal | title = Risk aversion and religion | journal = Journal of Risk and Uncertainty | first = Charles | last = Noussair |author2=Stefan T. Trautmann|author3=Gijs van de Kuilen|author4=Nathanael Vellekoop | volume = 47| issue = 2 | pages = 165β183 | year = 2013| doi = 10.1007/s11166-013-9174-8| s2cid = 54664945 | url = https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/1443326/2012-073.pdf }}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Does local religiosity matter for bank risk-taking? | journal = Journal of Corporate Finance | first = Binay| last = Adhikari|author2=[[Anup Agrawal]]| volume = 38|pages = 272β293| year = 2016| doi = 10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2016.01.009}}.</ref>
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