Editing Round goby (section)

==Parasites==
In total, fifty-two [[parasite]] species are registered in the round goby in its native area.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kvach Y. |year=2002|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200451595 |title=Round goby's parasites in native habitats and in a place of invasion|journal= Oceanological Studies|volume= 31|issue=1–2|pages= 51–57}}</ref> The most abundant parasites of the Black Sea round goby are [[metacercariae]] of [[trematodes]] of the [[Heterophyidae]] [[family (biology)|family]], such as ''Cryptocotyle concavum'', ''C.&nbsp;lingua'', and ''Pygidiopsis genata''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kvach Y. |year=2005|url=http://www.aiep.pl/volumes/2000/5_2/pdf/ACTA_35(2)_paper_06.pdf |title=A comparative analysis of helminth faunas and infection of ten species of gobiid fishes (Actinopterigii: Gobiidae) from the North-Western Black Sea|journal= Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria|volume= 35|issue=2|pages= 103–110|doi=10.3750/AIP2005.35.2.06|doi-access=free}}</ref> The trematodes ''C.&nbsp;lingua'' and ''P.&nbsp;genata'' can infest humans.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Youssef M.M. |author2=Mansour N.S. |author3=Awadalla H.N. |author4=Hammouda N.A. |author5=Khalifa R. |author6=Boulos L.M. |year=1987|title= Heterophyid parasite of man from Idku, Maryat and Manzala Lakes areas in Egypt|journal=J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol.|volume= 17|pages= 474–479}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
 | pmid = 19312928
| year = 1975
| last1 = Zimmerman
| first1 = M. R.
| title = A probable case of accidental inhumation of 1,600 years ago
| journal = Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
| volume = 51
| issue = 7
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| last2 = Smith
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| pmc = 1749564
}}</ref> In the 1950s, along the coast of the [[Gulf of Taganrog]] ([[Sea of Azov]]), the round goby was registered as a [[Host (biology)|host]] of [[epizootic]] [[nematodes]] ''Tetrameres fissispina'' and ''Streptocara crassicauda'', which were fatal to [[ducklings]].<ref>Kovalenko I.I. (1960) "Izucenie cikla razvitiâ nekotoryh gel’mintov domasnih utok v hozâjstvah na Azovskom poberez’e". ''Doklady AN SSSR'', 133(5): 1259–1261. (In Russian)</ref>

In the Gulf of Gdańsk, Baltic Sea, the parasites of the invasive round goby consist of twelve species.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s00436-006-0311-z| pmid = 17048001| title = Metazoa parasites of the invasive round goby ''Apollonia melanostoma'' (''Neogobius melanostomus'') (Pallas) (Gobiidae: Osteichthyes) in the Gulf of Gdańsk, Baltic Sea, Poland: A comparison with the Black Sea| journal = Parasitology Research| volume = 100| issue = 4| pages = 767–74| year = 2006| last1 = Kvach | first1 = Y. | last2 = Skóra | first2 = K. E.| s2cid = 2945139|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6747735 }}</ref> The core of the parasite fauna comprises two species of [[trematode]] [[metacercariae]]: ''C.&nbsp;concavum'' and ''[[Diplostomum]] spathaceum''.  Also in the Baltic Sea, the round goby is a [[paratenic host]] of the [[invasive species|invasive]] nematode ''[[Anguillicoloides crassus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kvach Y. |year=2004|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200451606 |title=The Far-Eastern nematode ''Anguillicola crassus'' – new parasite of the invasive round goby ''Neogobius melanostomus'' in the Baltic Sea|journal= Vestnik Zoologii|volume= 38|issue=2|pages= 38}}</ref> In the [[Vistula Lagoon]], the most abundant parasites of the round goby are [[nematodes]] ''Hysterothylacium aduncum'' and ''Anguillicoloides crassus''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rolbiecki L. |year=2006|url=http://www.iopan.gda.pl/oceanologia/484rolbi.pdf |title=Parasites of the round goby, ''Neogobius melanostomus'' (Pallas, 1811), an invasive species in the Polish fauna of the Vistula Lagoon ecosystem|journal= Oceanologia|volume= 48|pages= 545–561}}</ref>

Twenty-five species of parasites are noted in the round goby in the American Great Lakes.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Camp J.W. |author2=Blaney L.M. |author3=Barnes D.K. |year=1999|title= Helminths of the round goby, ''Neogobius melanostomus'' (Perciformes: Gobiidae), from Southern Lake Michigan, Indiana|journal= J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash.|volume= 66|pages= 70–72|url=http://www.reabic.net/publ/Camp_etal_1999.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Muzzall P.M. |author2=Peebles C.R. |author3=Thomas M.V. |year=1995|title= Parasites of the round goby, ''Neogobius melanostomus'', and tubenose goby, ''Proterorhinus marmoratus'' (Perciformes: Gobiidae), from the St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair, Michigan|journal= J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash.|volume= 62|issue=2|pages= 226–228|url=http://bionames.org/bionames-archive/issn/1049-233X/62/226.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Pronin N.M. |author2=Fleischer G.W. |author3=Baldanova D.R. |author4=Pronina S.V. |year=1997|title= Parasites of the recently established round goby (''Neogobius melanostomus'') and tubenose goby (''Proterorhinus marmoratus'') (Gobiidae) from the St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair, Michigan, USA|journal= Folia Parasitol.|volume= 44|issue=1|pages= 1–6|url=http://www.paru.cas.cz/folia/pdfs/showpdf.php?pdf=21146|pmid=9229568}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.3394/0380-1330(2008)34[23:MPOIRA]2.0.CO;2| title = Metazoan Parasites of Introduced Round and Tubenose Gobies in the Great Lakes: Support for the "Enemy Release Hypothesis"| journal = Journal of Great Lakes Research| volume = 34| pages = 23–35| year = 2008| last1 = Kvach | first1 = Y. | last2 = Stepien | first2 = C. A. | s2cid = 54784967}}</ref> The trematode ''D.&nbsp;spathaceum'' is the most abundant core species overall, while the [[cestode]] ''Proteocephalus'' sp. and the [[trematode]] ''Neochasmus umbellus'' are also well represented. The round goby may prevent some of the [[metacercariae]] of ''N.&nbsp;umbellus'' from completing their [[Biological life cycle|life cycle]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.01024.x| title = The invasive round goby Apollonia melanostoma (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae) – a new intermediate host of the trematode Neochasmus umbellus (Trematoda: Cryptogonimidae) in Lake Erie, Ohio, USA| journal = Journal of Applied Ichthyology| volume = 24| pages = 103–105| year = 2008| last1 = Kvach | first1 = Y.| last2 = Stepien | first2 = C. A.| doi-access = free}}</ref> The parasite "load" on the invasive gobies in the Great Lakes appears relatively low in comparison with their native habitats, lending support to the "enemy release hypothesis".