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=== Medieval and Ottoman period === [[File:I Santellini - Buondelmonti Cristoforo - 1420.jpg|thumb|left|Medieval map of Santorini by [[Cristoforo Buondelmonti]]]] As with other Greek territories, Thera then was ruled by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]. When the [[Roman Empire]] was divided, the island passed to the eastern side of the Empire which today is known as the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Thera – The Ancient City |url=https://www.heritagedaily.com/2020/06/thera-the-ancient-city/134008 |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=HeritageDaily – Archaeology News |language=en-US |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703213628/https://www.heritagedaily.com/2020/06/thera-the-ancient-city/134008 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[George Cedrenus]], the volcano erupted again in the summer of 727, the tenth year of the reign of [[Leo III the Isaurian]].<ref>George Cedrenus, Σύνοψις ἱστορίων, Vol I, p. 795.</ref> He writes: "In the same year, in the summer, a vapour like an oven's fire boiled up for days out of the middle of the islands of Thera and Therasia from the depths of the sea, and the whole place burned like fire, little by little thickening and turning to stone, and the air seemed to be a fiery torch." This terrifying explosion was interpreted as a divine omen against the worship of religious [[icon]]s<ref>[[Theophanes the Confessor]], ''Chronography'' pp. 621-622 : «ος [ο Λέων] την κατ’ αυτού θείαν οργήν υπέρ εαυτού λογισάμενος». Νικηφόρος σελ. 64 : «Ταύτά φασιν ακούσαντα τον βασιλέα υπολαμβάνειν θείας οργής είναι μηνύματα».</ref><ref>Ioannis Panagiotopoulos, «Το ηφαίστειο της Θήρας και η Eικονομαχία». Θεολογία 80 (2009), pp. 235–253.</ref> and gave the emperor [[Leo III the Isaurian]] the justification he needed to begin implementing his [[Byzantine Iconoclasm|Iconoclasm]] policy. The name "Santorini" first appears {{circa|1153–1154}} in the work of the Muslim geographer [[al-Idrisi]], as "Santurin", from the island's patron saint, [[Agape, Chionia, and Irene|Saint Irene of Thessalonica]].<ref name="EI2">{{EI2 |volume=9 |title=Santurin Adasi̊ |page=20 |last=Savvides |first=A. }}</ref> After the [[Fourth Crusade]], it was occupied by the [[Duchy of Naxos]] which held it up to circa 1280 when it was reconquered by [[Licario]] (the claims of earlier historians that the island had been held by [[Jacopo I Barozzi]] and his son as a fief have been refuted in the second half of the twentieth century);<ref>Silvano Borsari, "Studi sulle colonie veneziane in Romania nel XIII secolo", 1966, pp. 35–37 and 79.</ref><ref>{{Setton-A History of the Crusades |author=Louise Buenger Robbert |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgfMNfBIgSwC&pg=PA432 |chapter=Venice and the Crusades|volume=5|pages=379–451}} p. 432</ref><ref>Marina Koumanoudi, "The Latins in the Aegean after 1204: Interdependence and Interwoven Interests," in ''Urbs capta: The Fourth Crusade and its Consequences'', 2005, p.262</ref> it was again reconquered from the Byzantines circa 1301 by [[Iacopo II Barozzi]], a member of the Cretan branch of the Venetian [[Barozzi]] family, whose descendant held it until it was annexed in {{circa|1335}} by [[Niccolo Sanudo]] after various legal and military conflicts.<ref>Marina Koumanoudi, "The Latins in the Aegean after 1204: Interdependence and Interwoven Interests," in ''Urbs capta: The Fourth Crusade and its Consequences'', 2005, p.263</ref> In 1318–1331 and 1345–1360 it was raided by the [[Anatolian beyliks|Turkish]] principalities of [[Menteshe]] and [[Aydınids|Aydın]], but did not suffer much damage.<ref name="EI2" /> Because of the Venetians the island became home to a sizable Catholic community and is still the seat of a [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Santorini|Catholic bishopric]]. [[File:Santorini - Dapper Olfert - 1688.jpg|thumb|Map of Santorini by [[Olfert Dapper]], 1688]] From the 15th century on, the suzerainty of the [[Republic of Venice]] over the island was recognized in a series of treaties by the [[Ottoman Empire]], but this did not stop [[Ottoman wars in Europe|Ottoman raids]], until it was captured by the Ottoman admiral [[Piyale Pasha]] in 1576, as part of a process of annexation of most remaining Latin possessions in the Aegean.<ref name="EI2" /> It became part of the semi-autonomous domain of the sultan's Jewish favourite, [[Joseph Nasi]]. Santorini retained its privileged position in the 17th century, but suffered in turn from Venetian raids during the frequent [[Ottoman–Venetian wars]] of the period, even though there were no Muslims on the island.<ref name="EI2" /> Santorini was captured briefly by the [[Russian Empire|Russians]] under [[Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov|Alexey Orlov]] during the [[Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774]], but returned to Ottoman control after.
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