Editing Set (deity) (section)

==Set in the Second Intermediate, Ramesside and later periods==
[[File:SethAndHorusAdoringRamsses crop.jpg|thumb|Set and [[Horus]] adore [[Ramesses II]] in the small temple at [[Abu Simbel]].]]
[[File:Horus_and_Seth_crowning_Ramesses_III.JPG|thumb|right|Horus and Set (right) crowning [[Ramesses III]]]]
During the [[Second Intermediate Period of Egypt|Second Intermediate Period]] (1650–1550&nbsp;BCE), a group of Near Eastern peoples, known as the ''[[Hyksos]]'' (literally, "''rulers of foreign lands''") gained control of Lower Egypt, and ruled the [[Nile Delta]], from [[Avaris]]. They chose Set, originally Upper Egypt's chief god, the god of foreigners and the god they found most similar to their own chief god, [[Hadad]], as their patron{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}. Set then became worshiped as the chief god once again. The Hyksos King [[Apepi (pharaoh)|Apophis]] is recorded as worshiping Set [[Monolatrism|exclusively]], as described in the following passage:<ref>{{harvnb|Assmann|2008|pp=48, 151 n. 25}}, citing: {{harvnb|Goedicke|1986|pp=10–11}} and {{harvnb|Goldwasser|2006}}.</ref>
{{blockquote|text=King Apophis chose for his Lord the god Seth. He did not worship any other deity in the whole land except Seth.{{efn|Translation from {{harvnb|Assmann|2008|p=48}}. Goedicke's translation: "And then King Apophis, [[Memphite Formula|l.p.h.]], was appointing for himself Sutekh as Lord. He never worked for any other god which is in this entire country except Sutekh.{{sfn|Goedicke|1986|p=31}} Goldwasser's translation: "Then, king Apophis l.p.h. adopted for himself Seth as lord, and he refused to serve any god that was in the entire land except Seth."{{sfn|Goldwasser|2006|p=129}}}}|author="[[The Quarrel of Apophis and Seqenenre]]", ''Papyrus Sallier&nbsp;I'', 1.2–3 (British Museum No. 10185){{sfn|Gardiner|1932|p=84}}}}

[[Jan Assmann]] argues that because the ancient Egyptians could never conceive of a "lonely" god lacking personality, Set the desert god, who was worshiped on his own, represented a manifestation of evil.{{sfn|Assmann|2008|pp=47–48}}

When [[Ahmose I|Ahmose&nbsp;I]] overthrew the Hyksos and expelled them, in {{circa|1522&nbsp;BCE}}, Egyptians' attitudes towards Asiatic foreigners became [[xenophobia|xenophobic]], and royal propaganda discredited the period of Hyksos rule. The Set cult at Avaris flourished, nevertheless, and the Egyptian garrison of Ahmose stationed there became part of the priesthood of Set.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

The founder of the [[Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt|Nineteenth Dynasty]], [[Ramesses I]] came from a military family from Avaris with strong ties to the priesthood of Set. Several of the Ramesside kings were named after the god, most notably [[Seti I|Seti&nbsp;I]] (literally, ''"man of Set"'') and [[Setnakht]] (literally, ''"Set is strong"''). In addition, one of the garrisons of [[Ramesses II|Ramesses&nbsp;II]] held Set as its patron deity, and Ramesses&nbsp;II erected the so-called "[[Year 400 Stela]]" at [[Pi-Ramesses]], commemorating the 400th anniversary of the Set cult in the Nile delta.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nielsen |first1=Nicky |title=The Rise of the Ramessides: How a Military Family from the Nile Delta Founded One of Egypt's Most Celebrated Dynasties |url=https://www.arce.org/resource/rise-ramessides-how-military-family-nile-delta-founded-one-egypts-most-celebrated |website=American Research Center in Egypt |access-date=25 June 2022}}</ref>

In [[Egyptian astronomy#Ancient Egypt|ancient Egyptian astronomy]], Set was commonly associated with the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].<ref>
{{cite journal
 |last1=Parker |first1=R.A.
 |year=1974
 |title=Ancient Egyptian astronomy
 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
 |series=A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
 |volume=276 |issue=1257 |pages=51–65
 |jstor=74274 |doi=10.1098/rsta.1974.0009
 |bibcode=1974RSPTA.276...51P
|s2cid=120565237
 }}
</ref>

Set also became associated with foreign gods during the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]], particularly in the delta. Set was identified by the Egyptians with the [[Hittite mythology|Hittite]] deity [[Teshub]], who, like Set, was a storm god, and the [[Canaan|Canaanite]] deity [[Baal]], being worshipped together as "Seth-Baal".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Keel |first1=Othmar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjYAWXO-jdAC&dq=Seth-Baal&pg=PA114 |title=Gods, Goddesses, And Images of God |last2=Uehlinger |first2=Christoph |date=1998-01-01 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-567-08591-7 |language=en}}</ref>

Additionally, Set is depicted in part of the [[Greek Magical Papyri]], a body of texts forming a [[grimoire]] used in [[Magic in the Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman magic]] during the fourth century CE.<ref>[http://www.joanlansberry.com/setfind/set-rmo.html Set in Roman Magical Papyrus]</ref>