Editing Sexual differentiation (section)

=== Alternative morphs ===
{{Further|Polymorphism (biology)}}Sexual differentiation in a species does not have to produce one recognizable female and one recognizable male type. In some species alternative morphs, or [[morphotype]]s, within one sex exist, such as flanged (larger than females, with large flap-like cheek-pads) and unflanged (about the same size as females, with no cheek-pads) male [[orangutan]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Knott|first1=Cheryl Denise|last2=Emery Thompson|first2=Melissa|last3=Stumpf|first3=Rebecca M.|last4=McIntyre|first4=Matthew H.|date=2010-01-07|title=Female reproductive strategies in orangutans, evidence for female choice and counterstrategies to infanticide in a species with frequent sexual coercion|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=277|issue=1678|pages=105–113|doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.1552|issn=0962-8452|pmc=2842634|pmid=19812079}}</ref> and sometimes differences between male morphs can be more noticeable than differences between a male and a female within such species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Taborsky|first1=Michael|last2=Schütz|first2=Dolores|last3=Goffinet|first3=Olivier|last4=Doorn|first4=G. Sander van|date=2018-05-01|title=Alternative male morphs solve sperm performance/longevity trade-off in opposite directions|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=4|issue=5|pages=eaap8563|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aap8563|pmid=29806019|pmc=5966226|bibcode=2018SciA....4.8563T|issn=2375-2548}}</ref> Furthermore, [[sexual selection]] can be involved in the development of different types of males with alternative reproductive strategies, such as sneaker and territorial males in [[dung beetle]]s<ref>{{Citation|last=Partridge|first=Charlyn|title=Sneak Copulation as an Alternative Mating Strategy |date=2017|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science|pages=1–3|editor-last=Shackelford|editor-first=Todd K.|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3610-1|isbn=978-3-319-16999-6|editor2-last=Weekes-Shackelford|editor2-first=Viviana A.}}</ref> or harem males and pair-bonding males in the Nigerian [[Cichlid|cichlid fish]] ''P. pulcher.''<ref name=":72"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Oliveira, Rui F. (Rui Filipe Nunes Pais de)|title=Alternative reproductive tactics an integrative approach|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-83243-4|pages=1–21|oclc=850824972}}</ref> Sometimes alternative morphs are produced by genetic differences, and in other cases, the environment can be involved, demonstrating some degree of [[phenotypic plasticity]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gotthard|first1=Karl|last2=Berger|first2=David|last3=Bergman|first3=Martin|last4=Merilaita|first4=Sami|date=2009-10-01|title=The evolution of alternative morphs: density-dependent determination of larval colour dimorphism in a butterfly|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=98|issue=2|pages=256–266|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01290.x|issn=0024-4066|doi-access=free}}</ref>