Editing Smart card (section)

=== Complex smart cards ===

Complex Cards are smart cards that conform to the [[ISO/IEC 7810]] standard and include components in addition to those found in traditional single chip smart cards. Complex Cards were invented by [[Cyril Lalo]] and Philippe Guillaud in 1999 when they designed a chip smart card with additional components, building upon the initial concept consisting of using audio frequencies to transmit data patented by Alain Bernard.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bernard |first1=Alain |title=Electronic telephone device |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5182767A/en |website=Google Patents |access-date=29 April 2021 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318202317/https://patents.google.com/patent/US5182767A/en |url-status=live }}</ref> The first Complex Card prototype was developed collaboratively by Cyril Lalo and Philippe Guillaud, who were working at AudioSmartCard<ref>{{cite web |title=AudioSmartCard |url=https://www.infogreffe.com/entreprise-societe/391975125-audiosmartcard-international-sa-750196B12386.html |website=Infogreffe |publisher=French Commercial Court |access-date=29 April 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429100222/https://www.infogreffe.com/entreprise-societe/391975125-audiosmartcard-international-sa-750196B12386.html |url-status=live }}</ref> at the time, and Henri Boccia and Philippe Patrice, who were working at [[Gemalto#Gemplus|Gemplus]]. It was ISO 7810-compliant and included a battery, a piezoelectric buzzer, a button, and delivered audio functions, all within a 0.84mm thickness card.

The Complex Card pilot, developed by AudioSmartCard, was launched in 2002 by [[Crédit Lyonnais]], a French financial institution. This pilot featured acoustic tones as a means of authentication. Although Complex Cards were developed since the inception of the smart card industry, they only reached maturity after 2010.

Complex Cards can accommodate various peripherals including:
* One or more buttons,
* A digital keyboard,
* An alphabetic keyboard,
* A touch keyboard,
* A small display, for a dynamic [[Card security code|Card Security Code (CSC)]] for instance,
* A larger digital display, for OTP or balance, QR code
* An alphanumeric display, 
* A [[fingerprint sensor]],
* A LED, 
* A buzzer or speaker.

While first generation Complex Cards were battery powered, the second generation is battery-free and receives power through the usual card connector and/or induction .

Sound, generated by a buzzer, was the preferred means of communication for the first projects involving Complex Cards. Later, with the progress of displays, visual communication is now present in almost all Complex Cards.

====Functionalities====

Complex Cards support all communication protocols present on regular smart cards: contact, thanks to a contact pad as defined [[ISO/IEC 7816]] standard, contactless following the [[ISO/IEC 14443]] standard, and magstripe.

Developers of Complex Cards target several needs when developing them: 
* One Time Password, 
* Provide account information,  
* Provide computation capabilities,  
* Provide a means of transaction security, 
* Provide a means of user authentication.

=====One time password=====

A Complex Card can be used to compute a cryptographic value, such as a [[One-time password]]. The One-Time Password is generated by a [[Secure cryptoprocessor|cryptoprocessor]] encapsulated in the card. To implement this function, the crypto processor must be initialized with a seed value, which enables the identification of the OTPs respective of each card. The hash of seed value has to be stored securely within the card to prevent unauthorized prediction of the generated OTPs.

One-Time Passwords generation is based either on incremental values (event based) or on a real time clock (time based). Using clock-based One-Time Password generation requires the Complex Card to be equipped with a [[Real-time clock]].

Complex Cards used to generate One Time Password have been developed for: 
* Standard Chartered,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liau |first1=Yun Qing |title=MasterCard launching banking card with OTP capability |url=https://www.zdnet.com/finance/mastercard-launching-banking-card-with-otp-capability/ |access-date=12 May 2021 |publisher=ZDNet |date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506072844/https://www.zdnet.com/article/mastercard-launching-banking-card-with-otp-capability/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Singapore,
* Bank of America,<ref>{{cite web |last1=GamerStuff |title=CES 2012: Interview Cyril Lalo NagraID Security |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIEHHZH9br8  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/xIEHHZH9br8| archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live|via=YouTube |access-date=12 May 2021 |date=24 January 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> USA, 
* Erste Bank, Croatia, 
* Verisign,<ref>{{cite web |title=Mastercard, Symantec and NagraID Security team up to provide further payment card security features |url=https://www.nagra.com/media-center/press-releases/mastercard-symantec-and-nagraid-security-team-provide-further-payment |website=nagra.com |access-date=12 May 2021 |date=14 February 2011 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512121504/https://www.nagra.com/media-center/press-releases/mastercard-symantec-and-nagraid-security-team-provide-further-payment |url-status=live }}</ref> USA,
* RSA Security.<ref>{{cite news |title=RSA SecurID SD200 – hardware token Series Specs |url=https://www.cnet.com/products/rsa-securid-sd200-hardware-token-series/ |access-date=12 May 2021 |publisher=CNET |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512101921/https://www.cnet.com/products/rsa-securid-sd200-hardware-token-series/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=====Account information=====

A Complex Card with buttons can display the balance of one or multiple account(s) linked to the card. Typically, either one button is used to display the balance in the case of a single account card or, in the case of a card linked to multiple accounts, a combination of buttons is used to select a specific account's balance.

For additional security, features such as requiring the user to enter an identification or a security value such as a [[Personal identification number|PIN]] can be added to a Complex Card.

Complex Cards used to provide account information have been developed for: 
* Getin Bank, Poland,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Getin Bank |title=Getin Bank – poznaj nową Kartę Display do konta bankowego |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lek_px4wcXQ |access-date=21 May 2021 |via=YouTube |date=7 June 2013 |language=Polish |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521072345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lek_px4wcXQ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* TEB, Turkey.

The latest generation of battery free, button free, Complex Cards can display a balance or other kind of information without requiring any input from the card holder. The information is updated during the use of the card. For instance, in a transit card, key information such as the monetary value balance, the number of remaining trips or the expiry date of a transit pass can be displayed.

=====Transaction security=====

A Complex Card being deployed as a payment card can be equipped with capability to provide transaction security. Typically, [[online payment]]s are made secure thanks to the [[Card security code|Card Security Code (CSC)]], also known as card verification code (CVC2), or card verification value (CVV2). The card security code (CSC) is a 3 or 4 digits number printed on a credit or debit card, used as a security feature for [[Card not present transaction|card-not-present (CNP)]] payment card transactions to reduce the incidence of fraud.

The Card Security Code (CSC) is to be given to the merchant by the cardholder to complete a card-not-present transaction. The CSC is transmitted along with other transaction data and verified by the card issuer. The [[Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard|Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS)]] prohibits the storage of the CSC by the merchant or any stakeholder in the payment chain. Although designed to be a security feature, the static CSC is susceptible to fraud as it can easily be memorized by a shop attendant, who could then use it for fraudulent online transactions or sale on the dark web. 
 
This vulnerability has led the industry to develop a Dynamic Card Security Code (DCSC) that can be changed at certain time intervals, or after each contact or contactless EMV transaction. This Dynamic CSC brings significantly better security than a static CSC.

The first generation of Dynamic CSC cards, developed by NagraID Security required a battery, a quartz and Real Time Clock (RTC) embedded within the card to power the computation of a new Dynamic CSC, after expiration of the programmed period.

The second generation of Dynamic CSC cards, developed by Ellipse World, Inc., does not require any battery, quartz, or RTC to compute and display the new dynamic code. Instead, the card obtains its power either through the usual card connector or by induction during every EMV transaction from the Point of Sales (POS) terminal or Automated Teller Machine (ATM) to compute a new DCSC.

The Dynamic CSC, also called dynamic cryptogram, is marketed by several companies, under different brand names: 
* MotionCode, first developed by NagraID Security, a company later acquired by [[IDEMIA]], 
* DCV, the solution offered by [[Gemalto|Thales]],
* EVC (Ellipse Verification Code) by Ellipse, a Los Angeles, USA based company.

The advantage of the Dynamic Card Security Code (DCSC) is that new information is transmitted with the payment transactions, thus making it useless for a potential fraudster to memorize or store it. A transaction with a Dynamic Card Security Code is carried out exactly the same way, with the same processes and use of parameters as a transaction with a static code in a card-not-present transaction. Upgrading to a DCSC allows cardholders and merchants to continue their payment habits and processes undisturbed.

=====User authentication=====

Complex Cards can be equipped with biometric sensors allowing for stronger user authentication. In the typical use case, fingerprint sensors are integrated into a payment card to bring a higher level of user authentication than a PIN.

To implement user authentication using a fingerprint enabled smart card, the user has to authenticate himself/herself to the card by means of the fingerprint before starting a payment transaction.

Several companies<ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Albore |first1=Antonio |title=The rise of biometric cards |date=5-6 October 2017 |url=http://icma.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/The-Rise-of-Biometric-Cards10-4.pdf |website=International Card Manufacturers Association |publisher=Embedded Security News |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026234345/http://icma.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/The-Rise-of-Biometric-Cards10-4.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> offer cards with fingerprint sensors, including: 
* [[Gemalto|Thales]]: Biometric card, 
* [[IDEMIA]]: F.Code, originally developed by NagraID Security,
* [[IDEX Biometrics]], 
* [[NXP Semiconductors]]

====Components====

Complex Cards can incorporate a wide variety of components. The choice of components drives functionality, influences cost, power supply needs, and manufacturing complexity.

=====Buttons=====

Depending on Complex Card types, buttons have been added to allow an easy interaction between the user and the card. Typically, these buttons are used to:
* Select one action, such as which account to obtain the balance, or the unit (''e.g.'' currency or number of trips) in which the information is displayed,
* Enter numeric data via the addition of a digital keypad,
* Enter text data via the addition of an alphanumeric keyboard.

While [[Membrane keyboard|separate keys]] have been used on prototypes in the early days, capacitive keyboards are the most popular solution now, thanks to technology developments by AudioSmartCard International SA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infogreffe – AudioSmartCard International SA |url=https://www.infogreffe.com/entreprise-societe/391975125-audiosmartcard-international-sa-750196B12386.html |website=Infogreffe |publisher=French corporate register |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-date=1 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501035129/https://www.infogreffe.com/entreprise-societe/391975125-audiosmartcard-international-sa-750196B12386.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The interaction with a capacitive keyboard requires constant power, therefore a battery and a mechanical button are required to activate the card.

=====Buzzer=====

The first Complex Cards were equipped with a buzzer that made it possible to broadcast sound. This feature was generally used over the phone to send identification data such as an identifier and one-time passwords (OTPs). Technologies used for sound transmission include DTMF ([[dual-tone multi-frequency signaling]]) or FSK ([[frequency-shift keying]]).

Companies that offered cards with buzzers include: 
* AudioSmartCard, 
* nCryptone,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bloomberg – nCryptone |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/758050Z:FP |website=Bloomberg |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019090211/https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/758050Z:FP |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Prosodie,
* Société d'exploitation du jeton sécurisé – SEJS.

=====Display=====

Displaying data is an essential part of Complex Card functionalities. Depending on the information that needs to be shown, displays can be digital or alphanumeric and of varying lengths. Displays can be located either on the front or back of the card. A front display is the most common solution for showing information such as a One-Time Password or an electronic purse balance. A rear display is more often used for showing a Dynamic Card Security Code (DCSC).

Displays can be made using two technologies: 
* [[Liquid-crystal display]] (LCD) : LCDs are easily available from a wide variety of suppliers, and they are able to display either digits or alphabetical data. However, to be fitted in a complex smart card, LCDs need to have a certain degree of flexibility. Also, LCDs need to be powered to keep information displayed. 
* [[Liquid-crystal display#"Zero-power" (bistable) displays|Bistable displays]], also known as [[Ferroelectric liquid crystal display]]s, are increasingly used as they only require power to refresh the displayed information. The displayed data remains visible, without the need for of any power supply. Bistable displays are also available in a variety of specifications, displaying digits or pixels. Bistable displays are available from E Ink Corporation<ref>{{cite web |title=E Ink |url=https://www.eink.com/index.html |website=E Ink |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730164908/https://www.eink.com/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> among others.

=====Cryptoprocessor=====

If a Complex smart Card is dedicated to making cryptographic computations (such as generating a one-time password) it may require a [[secure cryptoprocessor]].

=====Power supply=====

As Complex Cards contain more components than traditional smart cards, their power consumption must be carefully monitored.

First generation Complex Cards require a power supply even in standby mode. As such, product designers generally included a battery in their design. Incorporating a battery creates an additional burden in terms of complexity, cost, space and flexibility in an already dense design. Including a battery in a Complex Card increases the complexity of the manufacturing process as a battery cannot be hot laminated.

Second generation Complex Cards feature a battery-free design. These cards harvest the necessary power from external sources; for example when the card interacts in a contact or [[Electromagnetic induction|contactless]] fashion with a payment system or an NFC-enabled smartphone.  The use of a bistable display in the card design ensures that the screen remains legible even when the Complex Card is unconnected to the power source.

====Manufacturing====

Complex Card manufacturing methods are inherited from the smart card industry and from the electronics mounting industry. As Complex Cards incorporate several components while having to remain within 0.8&nbsp;mm thickness and be flexible, and to comply with the [[ISO/IEC 7810]], [[ISO/IEC 7811]] and [[ISO/IEC 7816]] standards, renders their manufacture more complex than standard smart cards.

One of the most popular manufacturing processes in the smart card industry is lamination. This process involves laminating an inlay between two card faces. The inlay contains the needed electronic components with an antenna printed on an inert support.

Typically battery-powered Complex Cards require a cold lamination manufacturing process. This process impacts the manufacturing lead time and the whole cost of such a Complex Card.

Second generation, battery-free Complex Cards can be manufactured by existing hot lamination process. This automated process, inherited from traditional smart card manufacturing, enables the production of Complex Cards in large quantities while keeping costs under control, a necessity for the evolution from a niche to a mass market.

====Card life cycle====

As with standard smart cards, Complex Cards go through a lifecycle comprising the following steps: 
* Manufacturing,
* Personalization,
* User enrollment, if needed by the application,
* Provisioning,
* Active life,
* Cancellation,
* Recycling / destruction.

As Complex Cards bring more functionalities than standard smart cards and, due to their complexity, their personalization can take longer or require more inputs. Having Complex Cards that can be personalized by the same machines and the same processes as regular smart cards allows them to be integrated more easily in existing manufacturing chains and applications.

First generation, battery-operated Complex Cards require specific [[Battery recycling|recycling]] processes, mandated by different regulatory bodies. Additionally, keeping battery-operated Complex Cards in inventory for extended periods of time may reduce their performance due to [[Capacity loss|battery ageing]].

Second-generation battery-free technology ensures operation during the entire lifetime of the card and eliminates self-discharge, providing [[extended shelf life]], and is more eco-friendly.