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Tajik language
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===Consonants=== The Tajik language contains 24 consonants, 16 of which form contrastive pairs by voicing: [б/п] [в/ф] [д/т] [з/с] [ж/ш] [ҷ/ч] [г/к] [ғ/х].<ref name="Khojayori, Nasrullo 2009"/> The table below lists the consonant phonemes in standard, literary Tajik. Letters from the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet are given first, followed by IPA transcription. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" | ![[Labial consonant|Labial]] ![[dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br />[[palatal consonant|Palatal]] ![[velar consonant|Velar]] ![[uvular consonant|Uvular]] ![[glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! colspan="2" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]] |м {{IPAslink|m}} |н {{IPAslink|n}} | | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[Affricate]] !<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> |п {{IPAslink|p}} |т {{IPAslink|t}} |ч {{IPAslink|tʃ}} |к {{IPAslink|k}} |қ {{IPAslink|q}} |ъ {{IPAslink|ʔ}} |- !<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> |б {{IPAslink|b}} |д {{IPAslink|d}} |ҷ {{IPAslink|dʒ}} |г {{IPAslink|ɡ}} | | |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] !<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> |ф {{IPAslink|f}} |с {{IPAslink|s}} |ш {{IPAslink|ʃ}} | |х {{IPAslink|χ}} |ҳ {{IPAslink|h}} |- !<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> |в {{IPAslink|v}} |з {{IPAslink|z}} |ж {{IPAslink|ʒ}} | |ғ {{IPAslink|ʁ}} | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | |л {{IPAslink|l}} |й {{IPAslink|j}} | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]] | |р {{IPAslink|r}} | | | | |} At least in the dialect of [[Bukhara]], ⟨Ч ч⟩ and ⟨Ҷ ҷ⟩ are pronounced {{IPAslink|tɕ}} and {{IPAslink|dʑ}} respectively, with ⟨Ш ш⟩ and ⟨Ж ж⟩ also being {{IPAslink|ɕ}} and {{IPAslink|ʑ}}.<ref>Ido, Shinji. 2014. Illustrations of the IPA: Bukharan Tajik. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 44. 87–102. Cambridge University Press.</ref>
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