Editing Telepathy (section)

===Zener cards===
{{Main|Zener cards}}
[[File:Zener cards (color).svg|thumb|200px|right|Zener cards]]
[[Zener cards]] are marked with five distinctive symbols. When using them, one individual is designated the "sender" and another the "receiver". The sender selects a random card and visualizes the symbol on it, while the receiver attempts to determine that symbol telepathically. Statistically, the receiver has a 20% chance of randomly guessing the correct symbol, so to demonstrate telepathy, they must repeatedly score a success rate that is significantly higher than 20%.<ref name="Skepdic2">{{cite web |url=http://www.skepdic.com/zener.html |title=Zener ESP Cards |author=Carroll, Robert |date=2006-02-17 |publisher=[[The Skeptic's Dictionary]] |access-date=2006-07-18 }}</ref> If not conducted properly, this method is vulnerable to sensory leakage and [[card counting]].<ref name="Skepdic2"/>

[[Joseph Banks Rhine|J. B. Rhine]]'s experiments with Zener cards were discredited due to the discovery that [[sensory leakage]] or cheating could account for all his results such as the subject being able to read the symbols from the back of the cards and being able to see and hear the experimenter to note subtle clues.<ref>Jonathan C. Smith. (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=sJgONrua8IkC&dq=rhine+pseudoscience&pg=PT226 ''Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit'']. Wiley-Blackwell. {{ISBN|978-1405181228}}. "Today, researchers discount the first decade of Rhine's work with Zener cards. Stimulus leakage or cheating could account for all his findings. Slight indentations on the backs of cards revealed the symbols embossed on card faces. Subjects could see and hear the experimenter, and note subtle but revealing facial expressions or changes in breathing."</ref> Once Rhine took precautions in response to criticisms of his methods, he was unable to find any high-scoring subjects.<ref>[[Milbourne Christopher]]. (1970). ''ESP, Seers & Psychics''. Thomas Y. Crowell Company. p. 28</ref> Due to the methodological problems, parapsychologists no longer utilize card-guessing studies.<ref>[[James Alcock]]. (2011). [http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/back_from_the_future ''Back from the Future: Parapsychology and the Bem Affair'']. ''[[Skeptical Inquirer]]''. "Despite Rhine's confidence that he had established the reality of extrasensory perception, he had not done so. Methodological problems with his experiments eventually came to light, and as a result parapsychologists no longer run card-guessing studies and rarely even refer to Rhine's work."</ref>