Editing Teleprinter (section)

==Manufacturers==

===Creed & Company===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2008-0516-500, Fernschreibmaschine mit Telefonanschluss.jpg|thumb|A [[Creed & Company]] Teleprinter No. 7 in 1930]]
British [[Creed & Company]] built teleprinters for the [[General Post Office|GPO]]'s teleprinter service.<ref>{{Citation |title=Baudot.net: Creed & Company, Ltd. |url=http://www.baudot.net/creed.htm}}</ref>
* Creed model 7 (page printing teleprinter introduced in 1931)
* Creed model 7B (50 baud page printing teleprinter) 
* Creed model 7E (page printing teleprinter with overlap cam and range finder)
* Creed model 7/TR (non-printing teleprinter reperforator)
* Creed model 54 (page printing teleprinter introduced in 1954)
* Creed model 75 (page printing teleprinter introduced in 1958)
* Creed model 85 (printing reperforator introduced in 1948)
* Creed model 86 (printing reperforator using 7/8" wide tape)
* Creed model 444 (page printing teleprinter introduced in 1966, GPO type 15)

=== Gretag ===

The Gretag ETK-47 teleprinter developed in Switzerland by [[Edgar Gretener]] in 1947 uses a 14-bit [[start-stop transmission]] method similar to the 5-bit code used by other teleprinters. However, instead of a more-or-less arbitrary mapping between 5-bit codes and letters in the [[Latin alphabet]], all characters (letters, digits, and punctuation) printed by the ETK are built from 14 basic elements on a print head, very similar to the 14 elements on a modern [[fourteen-segment display]], each one selected independently by one of the 14 bits during transmission. Because it does not use a fixed character set, but instead builds up characters from smaller elements, the ETK printing element does not require modification to switch between Latin, Cyrillic, and Greek characters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gretag ETK-47 14-bit teleprinter system |website=Crypto Museum |date=2016-07-04 |url=https://www.cryptomuseum.com/telex/gretag/etk47/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jproc.ca/crypto/etk_series.html |title=ETK teletype equipment series}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=F. Dörenberg |url=https://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/hellschreiber-modes-other-mfrs-non-UK.htm#ETK |title=Other manufacturers of teleprinter machines that use the Hellschreiber principle |at=Dr. Edgar Gretener AG (Gretag)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nsa.gov/Portals/70/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/friedman-documents/patent-equipment/FOLDER_543/41781009082006.pdf |title=The Hagelin - Gretener Cipher Teleprinter}}</ref>

===Kleinschmidt Labs===
In 1931, American inventor Edward Kleinschmidt formed [[Kleinschmidt Inc|Kleinschmidt Labs]] to pursue a different design of teleprinter. In 1944 Kleinschmidt demonstrated their lightweight unit to the Signal Corps and in 1949 their design was adopted for the Army's portable needs. In 1956, Kleinschmidt Labs merged with [[Smith-Corona]], which then merged with the [[Marchant Calculator|Marchant Calculating Machine Co.]], forming the SCM Corporation. By 1979, the Kleinschmidt division was turning to Electronic Data Interchange and away from mechanical products.

Kleinschmidt machines, with the military as their primary customer, used standard military designations for their machines. The teleprinter was identified with designations such as a TT-4/FG, while communication "sets" to which a teleprinter might be a part generally used the standard Army/Navy designation system such as AN/FGC-25. This includes Kleinschmidt teleprinter TT-117/FG and tape reperforator TT-179/FG.

===Morkrum===
[[Morkrum]] made their first commercial installation of a printing telegraph with the Postal Telegraph Company in Boston and New York in 1910.<ref>{{cite book |author=Colin Hempstead, William E. Worthington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wkIlnNjDWcC&pg=PA605 |title=Encyclopedia of 20th-century technology |year=2005 |page=605 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781579584641}}</ref> It became popular with railroads, and the [[Associated Press]] adopted it in 1914 for their [[wire service]].<ref name="Colin Hempstead, William E. Worthington 2005 605"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baudot.net/teletype/MPT.htm |title=Morkum Printing Telegraph Page Printer |access-date=August 22, 2011}}</ref> Morkrum merged with their competitor Kleinschmidt Electric Company to become Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Corporation shortly before being renamed the Teletype Corporation.<ref name="Queensland">{{cite web |url=http://www.telemuseum.org/teleprinters.html |title=Queensland Telecommunications Museum – Teleprinters |publisher=Queensland Telecommunications Museum}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/morkrumsystemofp00earl |title=The Morkrum System of Printing Telegraphy |author=Earle, Ralph H. |year=1917 |location=Chicago |publisher=Armour Institute of Technology (thesis)}}</ref>

===Olivetti===
[[File:Telescrivente CEP - Calcolatrice Elettronica Pisana.jpg|thumb|Olivetti Teleprinter]]
Italian office equipment maker [[Olivetti]] (est. 1908) started to manufacture teleprinters in order to provide Italian post offices with modern equipment to send and receive telegrams. The first models typed on a paper ribbon, which was then cut and glued into telegram forms.
* Olivetti T1 (1938–1948)
* Olivetti T2 (1948–1968)
* Olivetti Te300 (1968–1975)
* Olivetti Te400 (1975–1991)

===Siemens & Halske===
[[File:Fernscheiber 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Siemens]] ''Fernschreiber 100'' teleprinter]]
[[Siemens & Halske]], later [[Siemens]], a German company, founded in 1847.
* Teleprinter Model 100 Ser 1 (end of the 1950s)&nbsp;– Used for Telex service<ref name="Queensland"/>
* Teleprinter Model 100 Ser. 11&nbsp;– Later version with minor changes
* Teleprinter Model T100 ND (single current) NDL (double current) models
* Teleprinter Model T 150 (electromechanical)
* Offline tape punch for creating messages
* Teleprinter T 1000 electronic teleprinter (processor based) 50-75-100 Bd. Tape punch and reader attachments ND/NDL/SEU V21modem model
* Teleprinter T 1000 Receive only units as used by newsrooms for unedited SAPA/Reuters/AP feeds etc.
* Teleprinter T 1200 electronic teleprinter (processor based) 50-75-100-200 Bd.Green LED text display, 1.44M [[Floppy disk#3.5-inch floppy disk|3.5" floppy disk]] ("stiffy") attachment
* PC-Telex Teleprinter with dedicated dot matrix printer Connected to IBM compatible PC (as used by Telkom South Africa)
* T4200 Teletex Teleprinter With two floppy disc drives and black and white monitor/daisy wheel typewriter (DOS2)

===Teletype Corporation===
{{main|Teletype Corporation}}
[[File:ASR-33 at CHM.agr.jpg|thumb|A [[Teletype Model 33]] ASR teleprinter, with [[punched tape]] reader and punch, usable as a [[computer terminal]]]]
The '''Teletype Corporation''', a part of [[AT&T Corporation|American Telephone and Telegraph Company]]'s [[Western Electric]] manufacturing arm since 1930, was founded in 1906 as the Morkrum Company. In 1925, a merger between Morkrum and Kleinschmidt Electric Company created the Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Company. The name was changed in December 1928 to Teletype Corporation. In 1930, Teletype Corporation was purchased by the [[American Telephone and Telegraph Company]] and became a subsidiary of [[Western Electric]]. In 1984, the divestiture of the Bell System resulted in the Teletype name and logo being replaced by the AT&T name and logo, eventually resulting in the brand being extinguished.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kekatos.com/teletype/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603235022/http://www.kekatos.com/teletype/ |title=History of The Teletype Corporation |access-date=March 3, 2010 |archive-date=June 3, 2008 |date=June 24, 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The last vestiges of what had been the Teletype Corporation ceased in 1990, bringing to a close the dedicated teleprinter business. Despite its long-lasting trademark status, the word ''Teletype'' went into common generic usage in the news and telecommunications industries. Records of the United States Patent and Trademark Office indicate the trademark has expired and is considered dead.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tmsearch.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4805:5200jd.2.9 |title=US trademark database |website=uspto.gov}}</ref>

Teletype machines tended to be large, heavy, and extremely robust, capable of running non-stop for months at a time if properly lubricated.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/teletype/138_Model15_Adj_Oct41.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111174700/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/teletype/138_Model15_Adj_Oct41.pdf |archive-date=January 11, 2011 |url-status=dead |title=Adjustments, Type Bar Page Printer, (Model 15) |year=1941 |publisher=Teletype Corporation |location=Chicago}}</ref> The Model 15 stands out as one of a few machines that remained in production for many years. It was introduced in 1930 and remained in production until 1963, a total of 33 years of continuous production. Very few complex machines can match that record. The production run was stretched somewhat by World War II—the Model 28 was scheduled to replace the Model 15 in the mid-1940s, but Teletype built so many factories to produce the Model 15 during World War II, it was more economical to continue mass production of the Model 15. The Model 15, in its receive only, no keyboard, version was the classic "news Teletype" for decades.
* Model 15 = Baudot version, 45 Baud; optional tape punch and reader
* [[Teletype Model 28|Model 28]] = Baudot version, 45-50-56-75 Baud; optional tape punch and reader
* Model 32 = small lightweight machine (cheap production) 45-50-56-75 Baud; optional tape punch and reader
* [[Teletype Model 33|Model 33]] = same as Model 32 but for 8 level ASCII-plus-parity-bit, 72 char./line, used as computer terminal; optional tape punch and reader.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pdp8online.com/asr33/asr33.shtml |title=ASR 33 Teletype Information |website=www.pdp8online.com}}</ref>
* Model 35 = same as Model 28 but for 8 level ASCII-plus-parity-bit, used as heavy-duty computer terminal; optional tape punch and reader
* Model 37 = improved version of the Model 35, higher speeds up to 150 Baud; optional tape punch and reader
* Model 38 = similar to Model 33, but for 132 char./line paper (14 inches wide), upper and lower case, and red/black printing; optional tape punch and reader
* Model 40 = new system processor based, w/ monitor screen, but mechanical "chain printer"
* Model 42 = new cheap production Baudot machine to replace Model 28 and Model 32, paper tape acc.
* Model 43 = same but for 8 level ASCII-plus-parity-bit, to replace Model 33 and Model 35, paper tape acc.

Several different high-speed printers like the "Ink-tronic" etc.

===Texas Instruments===
{{main|Silent 700}}
[[Texas Instruments]] developed its own line of teletypes in 1971, the [[Silent 700]]. Their name came from the use of a [[Thermal printing|thermal printer]] head to emit copy, making them substantially quieter than contemporary teletypes using [[Printer (computing)#Impact printers|impact printing]], and some such as the 1975 Model 745 and 1983 Model 707 were even small enough to be sold as portable units. Certain models came with [[acoustic coupler]]s and some had internal storage, initially [[cassette tape]] in the 1973 Models 732/733 ASR and later [[bubble memory]] in the 1977 Models 763/765, the first and one of the few commercial products to use the technology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oldvcr.blogspot.com/2022/02/refurb-weekend-texas-instruments-silent.html |title=Old Vintage Computing Research: Refurb weekend: Texas Instruments Silent 700 Model 745 teletype |date=February 17, 2022}}</ref> In these units their storage capability essentially acted as a form of [[punched tape]]. The last Silent 700 was the 1987 700/1200 BPS, which was sold into the early 1990s.