Editing Triticale (section)

===Introgression===
[[Introgression]] involves the crossing of closely related plant relatives, and results in the [[gene linkage|transfer of 'blocks' of genes]], i.e. larger segments of chromosomes compared to single genes.{{ Dubious | date=May 2023 | reason=This MAY occur during introgression.}} [[R-gene]]s are generally introduced within such blocks, which are usually incorporated/translocated/introgressed into the distal (extreme) regions of [[chromosomes]] of the crop being introgressed. Genes located in the proximal areas of chromosomes may be completely linked (very closely spaced), thus preventing or severely hampering [[genetic recombination|recombination]], which is necessary to incorporate such blocks.{{ Dubious | date=May 2023 | reason=Very strange.}}<ref name="Chelkowski">{{cite journal | url=http://jag.igr.poznan.pl/2004-Volume-45/3/abstracts/210.html | first=Jerzy | last=Chelkowski |author2=Tyrka, Miroslaw | title=Enhancing the resistance of triticale by using genes from wheat and rye | journal=Journal of Applied Genetics| volume=45 | issue=3 | pages=283–295 | date=15 October 2003 | pmid=15306719}}</ref> Molecular markers (small lengths of [[DNA]] of a characterized/known sequence) are used to 'tag' and thus track such translocations.<ref name="Lee">{{cite journal | first=T. G. | last=Lee |author2=Hong, M. J. |author3=Johnson, J. W. |author4=Bland, D. E. |author5=Kim, D. Y. |author6= Seo, Y. W. | title=Development and functional assessment of EST-derived 2RL-specific markers for 2BS.2RL translocations | journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics| volume=119 | issue=4 | pages=663–673 | year=2009 | doi =10.1007/s00122-009-1077-3|pmid = 19543880| s2cid=22773590}}</ref> A weak [[colchicine]] solution has been employed to increase the probability of recombination in the proximal chromosome regions, and thus the introduction of the translocation to that region. The resultant translocation of smaller blocks that indeed carry the R-gene(s) of interest has decreased the probability of introducing unwanted genes.<ref name="Lukaszewski">{{cite journal | url=http://crop.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/30/5/1151 | first=Adam | last=Lukaszewski | title=Frequency of 1RS.1AL and 1RS.1BL Translocations in United States Wheats | journal=[[Crop Science (journal)|Crop Science]]| volume=30 | issue=5 | pages=1151–1153 | year=1990 | doi=10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183X003000050041x | url-access=subscription }}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The ''{{ Visible anchor |Sr59}}'' [[crop disease resistance gene|resistance gene]] was introgressed into wheat from the [[2R chromosome]] of [[rye]].<ref name="Sc-to-Ta" /> However this was actually done ''through'' triticale.<ref name="Sc-to-Ta" /> Triticale has been the [[amphiploid]] for several such rye{{NBSP}}⇨{{NBSP}}wheat introgressions.<ref name="Sc-to-Ta">
 {{ Cite journal
 | last3=Åhman | first3=Inger
 | last2=Gustavsson | first2=Larisa
 | last1=Herrera | first1=Leonardo
 | year=2017
 | title=A systematic review of rye (''Secale cereale'' L.) as a source of resistance to pathogens and pests in wheat (''Triticum aestivum'' L.)
 | volume=154
 | issue=1
 | pages=1–9
 | publisher=[[BioMed Central]]
 | issn=1601-5223
 | journal=[[Hereditas]]
 | doi=10.1186/s41065-017-0033-5
 | pmid=28559761
 | pmc=5445327
| doi-access=free
 }}</ref>

A 2014 study found that ''{{Vanchor|Ddw1}}'' [[dwarfing]] gene from the [[rye 5R chromosome]] also provides [[Fusarium head blight]] (FHB) resistance in this host.<ref name="Height">{{cite book|year=2019|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|first3=Dennis|pages=363+420|first2=Shri|first1=Jameel|last1=Al-Khayri|last2=Jain|last3=Johnson|isbn=978-3-030-23108-8|title=Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Cereals}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|issue=7|year=2014|first4=Thomas|first3=Bernd|first2=Hans|first1=Rasha|last4=Miedaner|last3=Hackauf|last2=Maurer|last1=Kalih|pages=1527–1536|volume=127|journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics |issn=0040-5752|s2cid=14913718|pmid=24852306|doi=10.1007/s00122-014-2316-9|title=Effect of a rye dwarfing gene on plant height, heading stage, and Fusarium head blight in triticale (×''Triticosecale'' Wittmack)}}</ref>