Editing Udmurt language (section)

==Grammar==
{{Main|Udmurt grammar}} Udmurt is an [[agglutinating]] language. It uses [[affix]]es to express possession, to specify mode, time, and so on.

No gender distinction is made in [[noun]]s or personal pronouns.

=== Cases ===
Udmurt has fifteen [[Grammatical case|cases]]: eight grammatical cases and seven locative cases.

There is no congruency between [[adjectives]] and [[nouns]] in neutral Udmurt [[noun phrases]]; in other words, there is no adjective declension as in the inessive noun phrase {{lang|udm|бадӟым гурт'''ын'''}} ("in a big village"; cf. [[Finnish grammar|Finnish]] inessive phrase ''{{lang|fi|iso'''ssa''' kylä'''ssä'''}}'', in which ''{{lang|fi|iso}}'' "large" is inflected according to the head noun).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Udmurt cases
|-
! Case !! Suffix !! Example !! Translation
|-
! colspan="4" | Grammatical
|-
|[[nominative case|nominative]]|| – ||{{lang|udm|гурт}} <br />{{IPA|/gurt/}}|| village
|-
|[[genitive case|genitive]]
|  -{{lang|udm|лэн}} <br />{{IPA|/ɫen/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртлэн}} <br /> {{IPA|/gurtɫen/}}|| of a village / village's
|-
|[[accusative case|accusative]]|| -{{lang|udm|эз}}/-{{lang|udm|ез}}/-{{lang|udm|ты}}/-{{lang|udm|ыз}} <br />{{IPA|/ez/jez/tɨ/ɨz/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртэз}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtez/}}|| village (as an object)
|-
|[[ablative]]
|  -{{lang|udm|лэсь}} <br />{{IPA|/ɫeɕ/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртлэсь}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtɫeɕ/}}|| from a village
|-
|[[dative]]
|  -{{lang|udm|лы}} <br />{{IPA|/ɫɨ/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртлы}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtɫɨ/}}|| to a village
|-
|[[instrumental case|instrumental]]
|  -{{lang|udm|эн}}/-{{lang|udm|ен}}/-{{lang|udm|ын}} <br />{{IPA|/en/jen/ɨn/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртэн}} <br />{{IPA|/gurten/}}|| by means of a village
|-
|[[abessive]]
|  -{{lang|udm|тэк}} <br />{{IPA|/tek/}}||{{lang|udm|гурттэк}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtːek/}}|| without a village
|-
|[[adverbial case|adverbial]]
|  -{{lang|udm|я}} <br />{{IPA|/jɑ/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртъя}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtjɑ/}}|| in a village way
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#efefef" | Locative cases*
|-
|[[inessive case|inessive]]|| -{{lang|udm|ын}} <br />{{IPA|/ɨn/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртын}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtɨn/}}|| in a village
|-
|[[illative case|illative]]|| -{{lang|udm|э}}/-{{lang|udm|е}}/-{{lang|udm|ы}} <br />{{IPA|/e/je/ɨ/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртэ}} <br />{{IPA|/gurte/}}|| into a village (or house)
|-
|[[elative case|elative]]|| -{{lang|udm|ысь}} <br />{{IPA|/ɨɕ/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртысь}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtɨɕ/}}|| from a village
|-
|[[egressive case|egressive]]|| -{{lang|udm|ысен}} <br />{{IPA|/ɨɕen/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртысен}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtɨɕen/}}|| starting from a village
|-
|[[terminative]]|| -{{lang|udm|озь}} <br /> {{IPA|/oʑ/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртозь}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtoʑ/}}|| end up at a village
|-
|[[prolative]]|| -{{lang|udm|этӥ}}/-{{lang|udm|етӥ}}/-{{lang|udm|ытӥ}}/-{{lang|udm|тӥ}} <br />{{IPA|/eti/jeti/ɨti/ti/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртэтӥ}} <br />{{IPA|/gurteti/}}|| along a village
|-
|[[Allative case|allative]]|| -{{lang|udm|лань}} <br />{{IPA|/ɫɑɲ/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртлань}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtɫɑɲ/}}|| towards a village
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Of all the locative cases, personal pronouns can only inflect in the allative (also called approximative).

=== Plural ===
There are two types of nominal plurals in Udmurt. One is the plural for nouns ''-{{lang|udm|ос}}/-{{lang|udm|ëс}}'' and the other is the plural for adjectives ''-{{lang|udm|эсь}}/-{{lang|udm|есь}}''.

==== Nominal plural ====
The noun is always in plural. In attributive plural phrases, the adjective is not required to be in the plural:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Attributive plural
!Udmurt
!Transliteration
!English
|-
|{{lang|udm|чебер(есь) ''нылъ'''ёс'''''|italic=unset}}
|ćeber(eś) ''nyl'''jos'''''
|(the) beautiful ''girls''
|}
The plural marker always comes before other endings (i.e. cases and possessive suffixes) in the morphological structure of plural nominal.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Morphological order
!Udmurt
!Transliteration
!English
|-
|{{lang|udm|ныл'''ъёс'''лы}}
|nyl'''jos'''ly
|to the girls
|-
|{{lang|udm|гурт'''ъёс'''азы}}
|gurt'''jos'''azy
|to/in their villages
|}

==== Predicative plural ====
As in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Mordvinic languages]], if the subject is plural, the adjective is always plural when it functions as the sentence's [[Predicative expression|predicative]]:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Attributive plural
!Udmurt
!Transliteration
!English
|-
|{{lang|udm|нылъёс ''чебер'''есь'''''|italic=unset}}
|nyljos ''ćeber'''eś'''''
|the girls are ''beautiful''
|-
|{{lang|udm|толъёс ''куз'''есь'''''|italic=unset}}
|toljos ''kuź'''eś'''''
|the winters are ''long''
|}
Udmurt [[pronoun]]s are inflected much in the same way that their referent nouns are. However, personal pronouns are only inflected in the grammatical cases and cannot be inflected in the locative cases.

=== Pronouns ===
==== Personal pronouns ====
Udmurt [[personal pronoun]]s are used to refer to human beings only. However, the third person singular can be referred to as ''it''. The nominative case of personal pronouns are listed in the following table:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal pronouns
! 
! singular
! plural
|-
! 1st person
|{{lang|udm|мон}} {{IPA|/mon/}}
|{{lang|udm|ми}} {{IPA|/mi/}}
|-
! 2nd person
|{{lang|udm|тон}} {{IPA|/ton/}}
|{{lang|udm|тӥ}} {{IPA|/ti/}}
|-
! 3rd person
|{{lang|udm|со}} {{IPA|/so/}}
|{{lang|udm|соос}} {{IPA|/soːs/}}
|}

More details:
*There are [[self-intensifier]] forms: ачим '[I] myself', ачид '[you] yourself', ачиз '[he/she/it] himself', асьмеос '[we] ourselves', асьтэос '[you] yourself', асьсэос '[they] yourself'.<ref name=asm>{{Cite web |url=http://udman.ru/ru/press-center/nauka-lyudyam/k-probleme-kategorii-inklyuzivnosti-mestoimeniy-v-udmurtskom-yazyke/ |title=К проблеме категории инклюзивности местоимений в удмуртском языке |access-date=2023-12-09 |archive-date=2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209020835/http://udman.ru/ru/press-center/nauka-lyudyam/k-probleme-kategorii-inklyuzivnosti-mestoimeniy-v-udmurtskom-yazyke/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

*The 1st person plural has two forms according to [[clusivity]]: асьмеос is "inclusive we" and "ми" is "exclusive we". The younger speakers seem to favor always using "ми" (probably under the influence of Russian 'my' for "we"), so that  for older generation the verse from a popular song "Ойдо, нылаш ми тонэн пумиськом!" sounds strange: its intended meaning is "Hey girl, let us meet!", while in the traditional thinking it reads "Hey girl, let we all meet with you!" The expected proper phrase would be: "Ойдо, нылаш асьмеос пумиськом!" and 'ми тонэн' is a [[calque]] from the Russian phrase 'my s toboi' meaning "me and you", but the word-by-word translation is "we with you".<ref name=asm/>

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
Udmurt [[interrogative pronouns]] inflect in all cases. However, the inanimate interrogative pronouns 'what' in the locative cases have the base form ''{{lang|udm|кыт}}-''. The nominative case of interrogative pronouns are listed in the following table:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Interrogative pronouns (nominative case)
!Udmurt
!English
|-
! colspan="2" |Singular
|-
|{{lang|udm|ма}} {{IPA|/mɑ/}}
|what
|-
|{{lang|udm|кин}} {{IPA|/kin/}}
|who
|-
! colspan="2" |Plural
|-
|{{lang|udm|маос}} {{IPA|/mɑos/}}
|what
|-
|{{lang|udm|кинъëс}} {{IPA|/kinjos/}}
|who
|}

=== Verbs ===
Udmurt [[verb]]s are divided into two [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] groups, both having the [[infinitive]] marker ''{{lang|udm|-ны}}''.

There are three [[verbal moods]] in Udmurt: [[indicative]], [[Conditional mood|conditional]] and [[Imperative mood|imperative]]. There is also an [[optative]] mood used in certain [[dialects]]. The indicative mood has four tenses: present, future, and two past tenses. In addition there are four past tense structures which include [[auxiliary verbs]]. Verbs are negated by use of an auxiliary [[negative verb]] that conjugates with personal endings.

The basic verbal personal markers in Udmurt are (with some exceptions):
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal endings of verbs
!Person
!Ending
|-
! colspan="2" |Singular
|-
|1st
| -Ø
|-
|2nd
| -{{lang|udm|д}}
|-
|3rd
| -{{lang|udm|з}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Plural
|-
|1st
| -{{lang|udm|мы}}
|-
|2nd
| -{{lang|udm|ды}}
|-
|3rd
| -{{lang|udm|зы}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Example conjugation: {{lang|udm|тодыны}} (conjugation I)
!Person
!Udmurt
!Transliteration
!English
|-
! colspan="4" |Singular
|-
|1st
|{{lang|udm|тод'''ӥсько'''}}*
|tod'''iśko'''*
|I know
|-
|2nd
|{{lang|udm|тод'''ӥськод'''}}*
|tod'''iśkod'''*
|you know
|-
|3rd
|{{lang|udm|тод'''э'''}}
|tod'''e'''
|he/she knows
|-
! colspan="4" |Plural
|-
|1st
|{{lang|udm|тод'''ӥськомы'''}}
|tod'''iśkomy'''
|we know
|-
|2nd
|{{lang|udm|тод'''ӥськоды'''}}
|tod'''iśkody'''
|you know
|-
|3rd
|{{lang|udm|тод'''о'''}}
|tod'''o'''
|they know
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>The present tense in Udmurt in all but the third person, is marked with ''{{lang|udm|-(ӥ)сько-/-(и)сько-}}''.

=== Syntax ===
Udmurt is an [[SOV language]].