Editing Vernier scale (section)

===Direct and retrograde verniers===
''Direct verniers'' are the most common. The indicating scale is constructed so that when its zero point coincides with the start of the data scale, its [[graduation (instrument)|graduation]]s are at a slightly smaller spacing than those on the data scale and so none but the last graduation coincide with any graduations on the data scale. ''N'' graduations of the indicating scale cover ''N''&nbsp;−&nbsp;1 graduations of the data scale.

''Retrograde verniers'' are found on some devices, including surveying instruments.<ref>Davis, Raymond, Foote, Francis, Kelly, Joe, ''Surveying, Theory and Practice'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1966, LC 64-66263.</ref> A retrograde vernier is similar to the direct vernier, except its graduations are at a slightly larger spacing than on the main scale. ''N'' graduations of the indicating scale cover ''N''&nbsp;+&nbsp;1 graduations of the data scale. The retrograde vernier also extends backwards along the data scale.

Direct and retrograde verniers are read in the same manner.