Editing Voting (section)

=== Voting and information ===
Modern political science has questioned whether average citizens have sufficient political knowledge to cast meaningful votes. A series of studies coming out of the [[University of Michigan]] in the 1950s and 1960s argued that many voters lack a basic understanding of current issues, the liberal–conservative [[Ideology|ideological]] dimension, and the relative ideological dilemma that are important to understand when making political decisions.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 2003 |title=Lupia and Mathew D. McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need To Know? Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-1338.t01-1-00011 |journal=Review of Policy Research |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=343–344 |doi=10.1111/1541-1338.t01-1-00011 |issn=1541-132X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Studies from other institutions have suggested that the physical appearance of candidates is a criterion upon which voters base their decision.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Greene |first1=Kesten C. |last2=Armstrong |first2=J. Scott |last3=Jones, Jr. |first3=Randall J. |last4=Wright |first4=Malcolm |year=2010 |title=Predicting Elections from Politicians' Faces |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24116339 |access-date=November 2, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Graefe |first1=Andreas |last2=Armstrong |first2=J. Scott |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=Predicting Elections from Biographical Information about Candidates |url=http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/PollyBio58.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105055814/http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/PollyBio58.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2011 |access-date=7 December 2011}}</ref> [[Voting advice application]]s can increase political knowledge enabling to cast informed votes.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.140 | doi=10.1002/poi3.140 | title=Research on Voting Advice Applications: State of the Art and Future Directions | year=2016 | last1=Garzia | first1=Diego | last2=Marschall | first2=Stefan | journal=Policy & Internet | volume=8 | issue=4 | pages=376–390 | hdl=1814/45127 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>