Editing Yellow badge (section)

==Timeline==
===Caliphates===
;717–720: Caliph [[Umar II]] orders non-Muslims ({{lang|ar-Latn|[[dhimmi]]}}) to wear vestimentary distinctions (called {{lang|ar-Latn|giyār}}, {{lang|ar|غيار}}, 'distinguishing marks').<ref>{{cite book |last=Heinemann |first=Isaak |title=Antisemitism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-02PsKF1ioC&q=Caliph+%5B%5BUmar+II%5D%5D+orders+non-Muslims+(%5B%5Bdhimmi%5D%5D)+to+wear+vestimentary+distinctions |publisher=Keter Books |year=1974 |page=84 |isbn=978-0-7065-1327-1}}</ref>
;847–861: Caliph [[al-Mutawakkil]] reinforces and reissues the edict. Christians are required to wear patches. One of the patches was to be worn in front of the breast and the other on the back. They were required to be honey-coloured.<ref name="Bell2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Bell |first=Dean Phillip |year=2005 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Richard S. |editor-link=Richard S. Levy |title=Yellow Badge |url=https://archive.org/details/antisemitism-a-historical-encyclopedia-of-prejudice-and-persecution-vols-1-2/page/779/mode/2up |encyclopedia=Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution |volume=1 |location=Santa Barbara, California |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |page=779 |isbn=1-85109-439-3 }}</ref>
;888: Ibrahim ibn Ahmad, the [[Aghlabids|Aghlabid]] ruler of North Africa and Sicily, proclaims an order according to which Jews have to wear a patch depicting a monkey and Christians one depicting a pig.<ref name="Simonsohn" />
;1005: The [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] caliph [[al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|al-Hakim]] forces Jews to wear black robes and a wooden [[golden calf|image of a calf]] in public and a bell around their neck when in public baths (the same applies for Christians who have to wear a wooden cross around their neck in the baths).<ref name="Roth" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lane-Poole |first1=Stanley |title=A History of Egypt: in the middle ages |date=1968 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7146-1686-5 |page=127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzUix2rKFqwC |access-date=2 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
;1184–1199: The Almohad [[Yaqub al-Mansur]] orders that Jews must dress in Muslim fashion of mourning (dark blue or black). His successor requires Jews to wear yellow cloaks and turbans.<ref name="Roth2" /> 
;1249: The Ayyubid Sultan issues an order according to which the property and life of Jews or Christians which are found on the streets without a distinguishing badge is forfeit.<ref name="Stillman1" />
;1450: The Algerian {{lang|ar-Latn|[[qadi]]}} Muhammad al-Uqbani and the Flemish traveller [[Anselm Adornes]] report that [[Tunisian Jews]] are obliged to wear a distinctive piece of yellow cloth on their clothing.<ref name="FentonLittman" /><ref name="Joffé" />

===Medieval and early modern Europe===
;1215: The [[Fourth Council of the Lateran]] headed by [[Pope Innocent III]] declares: "Jews and [[Saracen]]s of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress."<ref name="LateranIV_Canon68">[[Fourth Council of the Lateran]], Canon 68.</ref>
;1219: [[Pope Honorius III]] issues a dispensation to the Jews of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]].<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" /> Spanish Jews normally wore [[turban]]s in any case, which presumably met the requirement to be distinctive.<ref name="Roth" />
;1222: [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] [[Stephen Langton]] orders English Jews to wear a white band two fingers broad and four fingers long.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />
;1227: The Synod of [[Narbonne]] rules: "That Jews may be distinguished from others, we decree and emphatically command that in the center of the breast (of their garments) they shall wear an oval badge, the measure of one finger in width and one half a palm in height."<ref name="LateranIV_Canon68" />
;1228: [[James I of Aragon|James I]] orders Jews of [[Aragon]] to wear the badge.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />[[File:Aaron,SonOfDevil.jpg|thumb|In the 1277 caricature ''[[Aaron, Son of the Devil]]'', Aaron wears a badge with the [[Tablets of Stone|Tablets of the Law]]]]
;1265: The {{lang|es|[[Siete Partidas]]}}, a legal code enacted in Castile by [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]] but not implemented until many years later, includes a requirement for Jews to wear distinguishing marks.<ref name="Halsall_1997" />
;1267: In a special session, the [[Vienna]] city council forces Jews to wear {{lang|la|[[Jewish hat|pileum cornutum]]}} (a cone-shaped head dress, common in medieval illustrations of Jews); a badge does not seem to have been worn in Austria.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />
;1269: [[Kingdom of France|France]]. (Saint) [[Louis IX of France]] orders all Jews found in public without a badge ({{langx|fr|rouelle}} or {{lang|fr|roue}}, {{langx|la|rota}}) to be fined ten livres of silver.<ref name="Birnbaum" /> The enforcement of wearing the badge is repeated by local councils, with varying degrees of fines, at [[Arles]] 1234 and 1260, [[Béziers]] 1246, [[Albi]] 1254, [[Nîmes]] 1284 and 1365, [[Avignon]] 1326 and 1337, [[Rodez]] 1336, and [[Vanves]] 1368.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />
;1274: The [[Statute of Jewry]] in England, enacted by King [[Edward I of England|Edward I]], enforces the regulations. "Each Jew, after he is seven years old, shall wear a distinguishing mark on his outer garment, that is to say, in the form of two Tables joined, of yellow felt of the length of {{convert|6|in|mm|round=5|disp=sqbr|spell=in}} and of the breadth of {{convert|3|in|mm|round=5|disp=sqbr|spell=in}}."<ref name="ThisSceptredIsle" />
;1294: [[Erfurt]]. The earliest mention of the badge in Germany.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />
;1315–1326: Emir [[Ismail I of Granada|Ismail Abu-I-Walid]] forces the Jews of [[Granada]] to wear the yellow badge.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />
;1321: [[Henry II of Castile]] forces the Jews to wear the yellow badge.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />[[File:Jewish man - worms - 16th century.jpg|thumb|16th-century watercolour of a Jew from Worms, Germany. The {{lang|la|rota}} or ''Jewish ring'' on the cloak, moneybag, and garlic bulb are symbols of [[stereotypes of Jews|antisemitic ethnic stereotypes]]]]
;1415: A bull of the [[Antipope Benedict XIII]] orders the Jews to wear a yellow and red badge; the men on their breast, the women on their forehead.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />
;1434: Emperor [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]] reintroduces the badge at [[Augsburg]].<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />
;1528: The [[Council of Ten]] of [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] allows the newly arrived famous physician and professor [[Jacob Mantino ben Samuel]] to wear the regular black doctors' cap instead of Jewish yellow hat for several months (subsequently made permanent), upon the recommendation of the French and English ambassadors, the [[papal legate]], and other dignitaries numbered among his patients.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Deutsch |first1=Gotthard |author-link1=Gotthard Deutsch |last2=Broydé |first2=Isaac |author-link2=Isaac Broydé |year=1904 |editor-last=Singer |editor-first=Isidore |editor-link=Isidore Singer |title=Mantino, Jacob ben Samuel |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10379-mantino-jacob-ben-samuel |encyclopedia=[[The Jewish Encyclopedia]] |volume=VIII |location=New York; London |publisher=[[Funk & Wagnalls]] |pages=297–298 |access-date=13 July 2023 }}</ref>
;1555: [[Pope Paul IV]] decrees, in his {{lang|la|[[Cum nimis absurdum]]}}, that the Jews should wear yellow hats.
;1566: King [[Sigismund II Augustus]] passes a law that required [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Lithuanian]] Jews to wear yellow hats and head coverings. The law was abolished twenty years later.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" />
;1710: [[Frederick William I of Prussia|Frederick William I]] abolished the mandatory Jewish yellow patch in [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] in return for a payment of 8,000 [[thaler]] (about $75,000 worth of silver at 2007 prices) each.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elon |first=Amos |author-link=Amos Elon |year=2002 |title=The Pity of It All: A History of the Jews in Germany, 1743–1933 |url=https://archive.org/details/pityofitallhisto00elon |url-access=limited |location=New York |publisher=Metropolitan Books |page=15 |isbn=0-8050-5964-4 }} See talk page for conversion.</ref>

===Axis powers===
====1939====
:Local German occupation commanders ordered Jewish Poles to wear an identifying mark under the threat of death. There were no consistent requirements as to its colour and shape: it varies from a white armband, a yellow hat to a yellow Star of David badge. [[Hans Frank]] ordered all Jewish Poles over the age of 11 years in [[General Government|German-occupied Poland]] to wear white armbands with a blue Star of David.

====1940==== 
:A popular legend portrays king [[Christian X of Denmark]] wearing the yellow badge on his daily morning horseback ride through the streets of [[Copenhagen]], followed by non-Jewish Danes responding to their king's example, thus preventing the Germans from identifying Jewish citizens. Queen [[Margrethe II of Denmark]] has explained that the story was not true.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wolden-Ræthinge|first=Anne|author-link=Anne Wolden-Ræthinge|year=1990|title=Queen in Denmark|location=Copenhagen|publisher=Gyldendal|isbn=87-01-08623-5}}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Did King Christian X of Denmark wear a yellow star in support of the Danish Jews?|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10008043|encyclopedia=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]]|access-date=2006-08-17}}</ref> No order requiring Jews to wear identifying marks was ever introduced in Denmark.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Paulsson|first=Gunnar S.|author-link=Gunnar S. Paulsson|date=July 1995|title=The 'Bridge over the Øresund': The Historiography on the Expulsion of the Jews from Nazi-Occupied Denmark|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]]|volume=30|issue=3|pages=431–464|doi=10.1177/002200949503000304|jstor=261157|s2cid=162324125}}</ref>

====1941====
:Jews in the [[Independent State of Croatia]], a puppet state of Nazi Germany, were ordered to wear "Jewish insignia".<ref>{{cite web|date=17 June 1941|title=Notice regarding the obligatory wearing of Jewish insignia and the marking of Jewish trades, stores and companies|url=http://www.jusp-jasenovac.hr/Default.aspx?sid=7457|website=jusp-jasenovac.hr|publisher=Jasenovac Memorial Site|access-date=2014-01-16}}</ref> Jewish Poles in German-occupied [[Kresy|Soviet-annexed Poland]], Jewish Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians as well as Soviet Jews in German-occupied areas were obliged to wear white armbands or yellow badges. All Romanian Jews were ordered to wear the yellow badge.<ref>{{cite book|last=Evans|first=Richard J.|author-link=Richard J. Evans|year=2008|title=[[The Third Reich at War]]|location=New York|publisher=Penguin Books|page=231|isbn=978-0-14-311671-4}}</ref> The yellow badge was the only standardised identifying mark in the German-occupied East; other signs were forbidden. Jewish Germans and Jews with citizenship of annexed states (Austrians, Czechs, Danzigers) from the age of six years were ordered to wear the yellow badge from 19 September when in public.<ref name="Polizeiverordnung" /> In Luxembourg, the German occupation authorities introduce the [[Nuremberg Laws]], followed by several other anti-Jewish ordinances including an order for all Jews to wear a yellow star with the word {{lang|de|Jude}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Webb |first=Chris |date=2010 |title=The Destruction of the Jews of Luxembourg |url=http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupation/luxembourg.html |website=HolocaustResearchProject.org |publisher=Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team |access-date=15 March 2018 }}</ref> The [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]] ordered its Jews to wear yellow badges.

==== 1941/1942 ====
[[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] started to force Jews in newly annexed territories, denied Romanian citizenship, to wear the yellow badge.[[File:Die Katze lasst das Mausen nicht!.jpg|thumb|"Whoever wears this sign is an enemy of our people" &ndash; {{lang|de|[[Parole der Woche]]}}, 1 July 1942]]

====1942====
:The [[Gestapo]] ordered Jewish Germans and Jews with citizenship of annexed states to mark their apartments or houses at the front door with a white badge.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Benz|editor-first=Wolfgang|editor-link=Wolfgang Benz|year=1988|title=Die Juden in Deutschland, 1933–1945: Leben unter nationalsozialistischer Herrschaft|language=de|location=Munich|publisher=C. H. Beck|pages=618seq|isbn=3-406-33324-9}}</ref> Jewish Dutch people were ordered to wear the yellow badge. Jewish Belgians were ordered to wear the yellow badge. Jews in [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|occupied France]], covering the northern and western half of the country, were ordered to wear a yellow star by the German authorities. Bulgaria ordered its Jewish citizens to wear small yellow buttons. German forces invaded and occupied the ''[[zone libre]]'', i.e. the south-eastern half of France, but did not enforce the yellow star directive there.

====1944====
:After the occupation of [[Hungary in World War II|Hungary]], the Nazi occupiers ordered Jewish Hungarians and Jews with defunct other citizenships (Czechoslovak, Romanian, Yugoslav) in Hungarian-annexed areas to wear the yellow badge.{{sfn|Evans|2008|p=616}}