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Defamation
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===Sweden=== In Sweden, denigration ({{lang|sv|ärekränkning}}) is criminalised by Chapter 5 of the Criminal Code. Article 1 regulates defamation ({{lang|sv|förtal}}) and consists of pointing out someone as a criminal or as "having a reprehensible way of living", or of providing information about them "intended to cause exposure to the disrespect of others". The penalty is a fine.<ref name=swedenlaw>[https://www.government.se/48d6e0/contentassets/5315d27076c942019828d6c36521696e/the-swedish-criminal-code.pdf Swedish Penal Code (English version)] {{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (see Chapter 5)</ref> It is generally not a requirement that the statements are untrue; it is enough if they statements are meant to be vilifying.<ref name=jobbet>Ström, E. [http://arbetsplatskonflikt.av.gu.se/1akut/19kraenkningar.html "Om att utsättas för kränkningar på jobbet"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430055718/http://arbetsplatskonflikt.av.gu.se/1akut/19kraenkningar.html |date=30 April 2010 }} (in Swedish) Department of Work Science, University of Gothenburg</ref><ref>Frigyes, Paul [http://www.journalisten.se/kronika/21455/i-vaentan-pa-juryn "I väntan på juryn..."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226133427/https://www.journalisten.se/kronika/21455/i-vaentan-pa-juryn |date=26 February 2021 }} ''Journalisten'' 25 November 2008</ref> Article 2 regulates [[Aggravation (legal concept)|gross]] defamation ({{lang|sv|grovt förtal}}) and has a penalty of up to two years in prison or a fine. In judging if the crime is gross, the court should consider whether the information, because of its content or the scope of its dissemination, is calculated to produce "serious damage".<ref name=swedenlaw /> For example, if it can be established that the defendant knowingly conveyed untruths.<ref name=jobbet /> Article 4 makes it a crime to defame a deceased person according to Article 1 or 2.<ref name=swedenlaw /> Most obviously, the paragraph is meant to make it illegal to defame someone's parents as a way to bypass the law.<ref name=jobbet /> Article 3 regulates other [[Insult (law)|insulting behaviour]] ({{lang|sv|förolämpning}}), not characterised under Article 1 or 2, and is punishable with a fine or, if it is gross, with up to six months of prison or a fine.<ref name=swedenlaw /> While an act of defamation involves a third person, it is not a requirement for insulting behaviour.<ref name=jobbet /> Under exemptions in the Freedom of the Press Act, Chapter 7, both criminal and civil lawsuits may be brought to court under the laws on denigration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/media/Doc/DH-MM(2003)006rev_fr.asp#P1693_167820 |title=European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Sweden |publisher=Council of Europe |access-date=2010-09-07}}</ref>
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