Editing 1285 (section)

=== By topic ===

==== Art and Culture ====
* The English romantic poem ''[[Havelok the Dane|The Lay of Havelok the Dane]]'' is written (approximate date).

==== Markets ====
* The first record is made of an emission of [[life annuity|life annuities]], by the city of [[Lübeck]]. It is the first instance of issue of public debt in [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]], and it confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt over north-western [[Europe]] (see [[1228]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Zuijderduijn|first=Jaco|title=Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)|year=2009|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden/Boston|isbn=978-90-04-17565-5}}</ref>
* The [[County of Champagne]] is integrated into the kingdom of [[France during the Middle Ages|France]]; the region loses its haven characteristics for foreign merchants, and the [[Fairs of Champagne|Fairs of Troyes]] quickly dwindle into economic insignificance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abu-Lughod|first=Janet L.|title=Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350|year=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-506774-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/beforeeuropeanhe00abul_1}}</ref>

==== Religion ====
* [[January 6]] &ndash; Archbishop [[Jakub Świnka]] organizes a synod in [[Łęczyca]]. During the meeting, he orders all priests who are subject to his bishopric to deliver their sermons in Polish rather than German. This further unifies the [[Catholic Church]] in [[Poland]] and fosters a national identity.
* [[March 25]] &ndash; Pope [[Pope Martin IV|Martin IV]] dies after a 4-year [[pontificate]] in [[Perugia]]. He is succeeded by [[Pope Honorius IV|Honorius IV]], who becomes the 190th pope of the [[Catholic Church]].
* [[Council of Blachernae (1285)|Council of Blachernae]]: The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] repudiates the Union with the Catholic Church, declared in the [[Second Council of Lyon]].
* The [[Mor Bar Sauma Monastery]], one of the most important monasteries of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], is destroyed. Though a monastic community remains, the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|patriarchal seat]] is moved to [[Sis (ancient city)|Sis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaufhold |first1=Hubert |title=Notizen zur Späten Geschichte des Barsaumo-Klosters |journal=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies |date=2000 |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=227 |url=https://hugoye.bethmardutho.org/article/hv3n2kaufhold |access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>