Editing Algal bloom (section)

==Harmful algal blooms==
{{main|Harmful algal blooms}}
[[File:Van Gogh from Space.jpg|thumb|right|Satellite image of [[phytoplankton]] swirling around the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Gotland]] in the [[Baltic Sea]], in 2005]]

A [[harmful algal bloom]] (HAB) is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms via production of natural toxins, mechanical damage to other organisms, or by other means. The diversity of these HABs make them even harder to manage, and present many issues, especially to threatened coastal areas.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Donald |title=Prevention, control and mitigation of harmful algal blooms: multiple approaches to HAB management |website=ResearchGate |date=January 2004 |page=2 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255649174 |access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> HABs are often associated with large-scale marine mortality events and have been associated with various types of [[shellfish poisoning]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hab/redtide/|title=Harmful Algal Blooms: Red Tide: Home|publisher=cdc.gov|access-date=23 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827120347/http://www.cdc.gov/hab/redtide/|archive-date=27 August 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to their negative economic and health impacts, HABs are often carefully monitored.<ref>{{cite web|author=Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute|title=Red Tide Current Status Statewide Information|url=http://research.myfwc.com/features/view_article.asp?id=9670|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822163316/http://research.myfwc.com/features/view_article.asp?id=9670|archive-date=22 August 2009|access-date=23 August 2009|publisher=research.myfwc.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Red Tide Index|url=http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/landwater/water/environconcerns/hab/redtide/|access-date=23 August 2009|publisher=Tpwd.state.tx.us}}
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HAB has been proved to be harmful to humans. Humans may be exposed to toxic algae by direct consuming seafood containing toxins, swimming or other activities in water, and breathing tiny droplets in the air that contain toxins.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 September 2021|title=Illness and Symptoms: Marine (Saltwater) Algal Blooms {{!}} Harmful Algal Blooms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/habs/illness-symptoms-marine.html|access-date=10 January 2022|website=CDC|language=en-us}}</ref> Because human exposure can take place by consuming seafood products that contain the toxins expelled by HAB algae, food-borne diseases are present and can affect the nervous, digestive, respiratory, hepatic, dermatological, and cardiac systems in the body.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Berdalet |first1=Elisa |last2=Fleming |first2=Lora E. |last3=Gowen |first3=Richard |last4=Davidson |first4=Keith |last5=Hess |first5=Philipp |last6=Backer |first6=Lorraine C. |last7=Moore |first7=Stephanie K. |last8=Hoagland |first8=Porter |last9=Enevoldsen |first9=Henrik |date=2015 |title=Marine harmful algal blooms, human health and wellbeing: challenges and opportunities in the 21st century |journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom |volume=2015 |pages=61–91 |doi=10.1017/S0025315415001733 |issn=0025-3154 |pmc=4676275 |pmid=26692586}}</ref> Beach users have often experienced upper respiratory diseases, eye and nose irritation, fever, and have often needed medical care in order to be treated. Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is very common from the exposure of algal blooms. Water-borne diseases are also present as our drinking waters can be contaminated by cyanotoxins.

If the HAB event results in a high enough concentration of algae the water may become discoloured or murky, varying in colour from purple to almost pink, normally being red or green. Not all algal blooms are dense enough to cause water discolouration.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

=== Bioluminescence ===
''Dinoflagellate''s are microbial eukaryotes that link bioluminesce and toxin production in algal blooms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cusick |first1=Kathleen D. |last2=Widder |first2=Edith A. |date=1 September 2020 |title=Bioluminescence and toxicity as driving factors in harmful algal blooms: Ecological functions and genetic variability |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988320301293 |journal=Harmful Algae |volume=98 |pages=101850 |doi=10.1016/j.hal.2020.101850 |pmid=33129462 |bibcode=2020HAlga..9801850C |issn=1568-9883|url-access=subscription }}</ref> They use a luciferin-luciferase reaction to create a blue light emission glow.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Perin |first1=Luíza S. |last2=Moraes |first2=Gabriela V. |last3=Galeazzo |first3=Gabriela A. |last4=Oliveira |first4=Anderson G. |date=January 2022 |title=Bioluminescent Dinoflagellates as a Bioassay for Toxicity Assessment |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |language=en |volume=23 |issue=21 |pages=13012 |doi=10.3390/ijms232113012 |doi-access=free |pmid=36361798 |issn=1422-0067|pmc=9656108 }}</ref> There are seventeen major types of ''dinoflagellate'' toxins, in which the strains, Saxitoxin and Yessotoxin, are both bioluminescent and toxic. These two strains are found to have similar niches in coastal areas. A surplus of ''Dinoflagellates'' in the night time creates a blue-green glow, however, in the day, it presents as a red brown color which names algal blooms, Red Tides. ''Dinoflagellates'' have been reported to be the cause of seafood poisoning from the neurotoxins.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Da-Zhi |date=June 2008 |title=Neurotoxins from Marine Dinoflagellates: A Brief Review |url=http://www.mdpi.org/marinedrugs/list08.htm#10.3390_md20080016 |journal=Marine Drugs |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=349–371 |doi=10.3390/md20080016 |doi-access=free |pmc=2525493 |pmid=18728731}}</ref>