Editing Amputation (section)

==Causes==

===Circulatory disorders===
* [[Diabetes|Diabetic]] vasculopathy
* [[Sepsis]] with peripheral necrosis
* [[Peripheral artery disease]] which can lead to [[gangrene]]
* A severe [[deep vein thrombosis]] ([[phlegmasia cerulea dolens]]) can cause [[compartment syndrome]] and gangrene<ref name=Compartment>{{cite journal | vauthors = Abdul W, Hickey B, Wilson C | title = Lower extremity compartment syndrome in the setting of iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, phlegmasia cerulea dolens and factor VII deficiency | journal = BMJ Case Reports | volume = 2016 | date = April 2016 | pages = bcr2016215078 | pmid = 27113791 | pmc = 4854131 | doi = 10.1136/bcr-2016-215078 }}</ref>

===Neoplasm===
[[Image:1daypost.jpg|thumb|right|Transfemoral amputation due to [[liposarcoma]]]]
* Cancerous bone or soft tissue tumors (e.g. [[osteosarcoma]], [[chondrosarcoma]], [[fibrosarcoma]], [[epithelioid sarcoma]], [[Ewing's sarcoma]], [[synovial sarcoma]], [[sacrococcygeal teratoma]], [[liposarcoma]]), [[melanoma]]<ref>{{Citation |last1=Ragnarsson |first1=Kristjan T. |title=Cancer of the Limbs |date=2003 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK13778/ |work=Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th edition |access-date=2024-01-09 |publisher=BC Decker |language=en |last2=Thomas |first2=David C.}}</ref>

===Trauma===
[[Image:World War I radiography amputee.jpg|thumb|Three fingers from a soldier's right hand were traumatically amputated during [[World War I]].]]
* Severe limb [[injury|injuries]] in which the efforts to save the limb fail or the limb cannot be saved.
* [[Physical trauma|Traumatic]] amputation (an unexpected amputation that occurs at the scene of an accident, where the limb is partially or entirely severed as a direct result of the accident, for example, a finger that is severed from the blade of a table saw)
* Amputation in utero ([[Amniotic band]])

===Congenital anomalies===
* Deformities of digits and/or limbs (e.g., [[proximal femoral focal deficiency]], [[Fibular hemimelia]])
* Extra digits and/or limbs (e.g., [[polydactyly]])

===Infection===
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Animal bite]]s
* [[Bubonic plague]]
* [[Diabetic foot infection]]s
* [[Gangrene]]
* [[Gas gangrene]]
* [[Influenza A Virus]]
* ''[[Legionella]]''
* [[Meningococcal meningitis]]
* [[Necrosis]]
* [[Necrotizing fasciitis]]
* [[Osteomyelitis]] (bone infection)
* [[Sepsis]]
* ''[[Streptococcus]]''
* [[Trench foot]]
* ''[[Vibrio vulnificus]]''
}}

=== Frostbite ===

[[Frostbite]] is a cold-related injury occurring when an area (typically a limb or other extremity)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-19 |title=Frostbite |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/frostbite/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> is exposed to extreme low temperatures, causing the freezing of the skin or other tissues.<ref name="handford2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Handford |first1=Charles |last2=Thomas |first2=Owen |last3=Imray |first3=Christopher H. E. |date=2017-05-01 |title=Frostbite |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0733862716301201 |journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America |series=Wilderness and Environmental Medicine |language=en |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=281–299 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2016.12.006 |pmid=28411928 |issn=0733-8627|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Its [[pathophysiology]] involves the formation of ice crystals upon freezing and [[blood clot]]s upon thawing, leading to [[cell damage]] and [[cell death]].<ref name="handford2017" /> Treatment of severe frostbite may require surgical amputation of the affected tissue or limb;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Handford |first1=Charles |last2=Buxton |first2=Pauline |last3=Russell |first3=Katie |last4=Imray |first4=Caitlin Ea |last5=McIntosh |first5=Scott E. |last6=Freer |first6=Luanne |last7=Cochran |first7=Amalia |last8=Imray |first8=Christopher He |date=2014 |title=Frostbite: a practical approach to hospital management |journal=Extreme Physiology & Medicine |volume=3 |pages=7 |doi=10.1186/2046-7648-3-7 |issn=2046-7648 |pmc=3994495 |pmid=24764516 |doi-access=free }}</ref> if there is deep injury [[autoamputation]] may occur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frostbite Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/926249-clinical |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=emedicine.medscape.com}}</ref>

===Athletic performance===
Sometimes professional [[Sportsperson|athletes]] may choose to have a non-essential digit amputated to relieve chronic pain and impaired performance.
* Australian Rules footballer [[Daniel Chick]] elected to have his left [[ring finger]] amputated as chronic pain and injury was limiting his performance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Shane |date=2002-01-22 |title=RTE: Aussie Rules star has finger removed |website=[[RTÉ.ie]] |url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/2002/0122/aussierules.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214022643/http://www.rte.ie/sport/2002/0122/aussierules.html |archive-date=2007-12-14 |access-date=2007-10-19}}</ref>
* [[Rugby union]] player [[Jone Tawake]] also had a finger removed.<ref>{{cite web |author=Australian Rugby Union |url=http://www.sportsaustralia.com/articles/oct06/artid6659.html |title=Tawake undergoes surgery to remove finger |publisher=SportsAustralia.com |date=2006-10-17 |access-date=2013-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501093242/http://sportsaustralia.com/articles/oct06/artid6659.html |archive-date=2013-05-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[National Football League]] [[Safety (American and Canadian football position)|safety]] [[Ronnie Lott]] had the tip of his little finger removed after it was damaged in the [[1985 NFL season]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]]|title=Ronnie Lott's Amputated Pinkie Finger|first=Robert|last=Klemko|url=https://www.si.com/nfl/2014/06/17/nfl-history-in-95-objects-ronnie-lott-amputated-pinkie-finger|date=2014-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815042211/https://www.si.com/nfl/2014/06/17/nfl-history-in-95-objects-ronnie-lott-amputated-pinkie-finger|archive-date=2022-08-15}}</ref>

=== Criminal penalties ===
{{anchor|Criminal penalty}}
* According to [[Quran 5:38]], the punishment for stealing is the amputation of the hand. Under [[Sharia law]], after repeated offense, the foot may also be cut off. This is still in practice today in countries like [[Brunei]], the [[United Arab Emirates]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burglar's hand to be amputated|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/crime/burglars-hand-to-be-amputated-1.343257|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Gulf News|date=30 December 2004 |language=en}}</ref> [[Iran]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-10-17 |title=Iranian chocolate thief faces hand amputation |work=[[BBC News Online]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-11559750 |access-date=2021-06-28}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph 2008">{{Cite news |last=Dovan |first=Fiona |date=2008-02-09 |title=Iran envoy defends amputation |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1578146/Iran-envoy-defends-amputation.html |url-access=limited |access-date=2021-06-28}}</ref> [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref name="MC 2007">{{Cite news |date=2007-11-05 |title=Saudi Arabia chops off hand of Egyptian for theft |work=Monsters and Critics |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1371270.php/Saudi_Arabia_chops_off_hand_of_Egyptian_for_theft |url-status=dead |access-date=2021-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811044139/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1371270.php/Saudi_Arabia_chops_off_hand_of_Egyptian_for_theft |archive-date=2010-08-11}}</ref> [[Yemen]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-16|title=Yemeni man sentenced to hand and foot amputation for armed robbery|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2013/09/yemeni-man-sentenced-hand-and-foot-amputation-armed-robbery/|access-date=2021-11-03|publisher=Amnesty International|language=en}}</ref> and 11 of the 36 states within [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bamford |first=David |date=2001-07-01 |title=Hand amputation in Nigeria |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1428159.stm |access-date=2021-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bello |first=Ademola |date=2010-06-11 |title=Who Will Save Amputees of Sharia Law in Nigeria? |work=[[Huffington Post]] |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/who-will-save-amputees-of_b_532949 |access-date=2021-06-28}}</ref>
* '''[[Cross-amputation]]''' is one of the [[Hudud]] punishments prescribed under [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]] (Sharia law) and involves cutting off the right hand and left foot of the alleged transgressor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tarabella |first=Marc |title=Parliamentary question {{!}} VP/HR - Cross-amputation in Yemen {{!}} E-011050/2013 |publisher=European Parliament |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-7-2013-011050_EN.html |access-date=2023-08-07 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=Rudolph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Im95I7FjrvwC |title=Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79226-4 |pages=166 |language=en}}</ref> The scriptural authority for the double amputation procedure is in the [[Quran]] (''surah'' 5.33–34) which stipulates:{{blockquote|The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger, and strive with might for mischief through the land is execution or crucifixion, or cutting of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land. As for the thief, male or female, cut off their hands and feet from opposite ends in recompense for what they have committed.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Quran, sura 5, verse 33 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D33 |website=Perseus Project|publisher=Tufts University}}</ref>}} The severe [[punishment]], for "highway robbery (''[[hirabah]]'', ''qat' al-tariq'') and civil disturbance against Islam", is usually carried out in a single session in public, without anaesthetic and using a sword. The ancient punishment is practised in Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-16 |title=Saudi Arabia: King urged to commute 'cross amputation' sentences |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2011/12/saudi-arabia-king-urged-commute-cross-amputation-sentences/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |publisher=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> Sudan,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudanese man sentenced to cross amputation for committing armed robbery |publisher=African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies |url=https://www.acjps.org/sudanese-man-sentenced-to-cross-amputation-for-committing-armed-robbery/}}</ref> Somalia,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rice |first1=Xan |title=Somali schoolboy tells of how Islamists cut off his leg and hand |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/20/somali-islamists-schoolboy-amputation-ordeal |website=The Guardian |date=20 October 2010}}</ref> Mauritania, the Maldives,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/34967/chapter-abstract/298608517?redirectedFrom=fulltext | title = Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: A Fresh Interpretation |chapter=32: Shariah Punishments in the Islamic Republics of Mauritania and Maldives, and Islamic State of Yemen|date=2019 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190910648.003.0032 |last1=Kamali |first1=Mohammad Hashim |pages=321–328 |isbn=978-0-19-091064-8 }}</ref> Iran,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pannier |first1=Bruce |title=Criminals Lose Hands And Feet As Shari'a Law Imposed |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1079325.html |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref> Afghanistan (under Taliban rule),{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} and Yemen.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- Staff--> |title=The World's Most Barbaric Punishments |url=https://www.newsweek.com/worlds-most-barbaric-punishments-74537 |website=Newsweek |language=en |date=8 July 2010}}</ref>
* In 1779, [[Thomas Jefferson]] proposed a bill to the [[Virginia Assembly]] that ostensibly would have replaced [[capital punishment]] with other penalties, including amputation, for certain crimes,<ref name="Boyd TJP">{{cite book |editor-last=Boyd |editor-first=Julian P. |editor-link=Julian P. Boyd |date=1950 |title=[[The Papers of Thomas Jefferson]] |volume=2 |chapter=Bill No. 64. A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments in Cases Heretofore Capital |pages=492–507 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/thepapersofthoma0002unse/page/492/mode/2up |chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Wilson Bill 64" /> although not all were really punishable by death at the time.<ref>{{harvnb|Boyd|1950|p=505}}</ref> For the crimes of rape, sodomy, and polygamy (the last removed from a later version), the punishment was to be [[castration]] for men or [[rhinotomy]] for women.<ref>{{harvnb|Boyd|1950|pp=497,506n12}}</ref> For [[Mayhem (crime)|intentional maiming]], the bill specified literal [[eye for an eye]] retribution.<ref>{{harvnb|Boyd|1950|p=498}}</ref> The bill never passed, due to the combination of its perceived barbarity in some parts and perceived leniency in others.<ref name="Wilson Bill 64">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia |title=Bill 64 |last=Wilson |first=Gaye |date=May 1999 |url=https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/bill-64/ |publisher=Thomas Jefferson Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Boyd|1950|pp=505–506}}</ref>
* In England, the [[Offences within the Court Act 1541]] provided for cutting off a hand as punishment for striking someone inside a courtroom. Thomas Jefferson's punishments revision bill also intended to repeal this.<ref>{{harvnb|Boyd|1950|p=493}}. Jefferson cited a work of [[William Stanford (judge)|Stamford]] and the [[Offences within the Court Act 1541]] (33 Hen 8 c.<!--This stands for "chapter" not "circa". Do not use {{circa}}--> 12).</ref> The punishment was abolished in England and Wales by the [[Offences Against the Person Act 1828]].
* As of 2021, this form of punishment is controversial, as most modern cultures consider it to be morally abhorrent, as it has the effect of permanently disabling a person and constitutes torture. It is thus seen as grossly disproportionate for crimes less than those such as murder.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=18282 |title=Somalia: Amputation punishments are 'torture' says Amnesty |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=2021-01-08 |archive-date=2013-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003223301/https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=18282 |url-status=dead }}</ref>