Editing Apulia (section)

==Economy==
The region's contribution to Italy's [[gross value added]] was around 4.6% in 2000, while its population was 7% of the total. The per capita GDP is low compared to the national average and represents about 68.1% of the EU average.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenreport.it/contenuti/leggi.php?id_cont=11969 |title=Eurostat |publisher=Greenreport |access-date=2 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424084354/http://www.greenreport.it/contenuti/leggi.php?id_cont=11969 |archive-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref>

The share of gross value added by the agricultural and services sectors was above the national average in 2000. The region has industries specialising in particular areas, including food processing and vehicles in [[Foggia]]; footwear and textiles in the [[Barletta]] province, and wood and furniture in the Murge area to the west.<ref name="c.europa.eu">{{cite web|url=http://circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/regportraits/info/data/en/itf4_eco.htm | title = Puglia - Economy | work = Portrait of the Regions | publisher=Eurostat |date= March 2004 |access-date= 8 July 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821143316/http://circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/regportraits/info/data/en/itf4_eco.htm |archive-date=21 August 2009 }}</ref>

Between 2007 and 2013 the economy of Apulia expanded more than that of the rest of southern Italy.<ref>Massimo Monteduro, Pierangelo Buongiorno, Saverio Di Benedetto, ''Law and Agroecology: A Transdisciplinary Dialogue'' (2015), p. 176</ref> Such growth, over several decades, is a severe challenge to the hydrogeological system.<ref>Amílcar Soares, Maria João Pereira, Roussos Dimitrakopoulos! ''geoENV VI – Geostatistics for Environmental Application'' (2008), p. 191: "The approach highlighted the widespread degradation of water resources in the Apulian groundwater. ... Above all the rapid socio-economic growth over the last decades has caused severe stress to the Apulian hydrogeological system."</ref>

Apulia's thriving economy is articulated into numerous sectors boasting several leading companies, but most of them produce materials or components, not finished goods: 
* Aerospace ([[Leonardo (company)|Leonardo]], [[Avio Aero]], [[:it:Sitael (azienda)|Sitael]], [[:it:Blackshape|Blackshape]]) 
* Automotive ([[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bosch.it/la-nostra-azienda/bosch-in-italia/modugno-ba-tecnologie-diesel/|title=Bosch in Italia|language=it}}</ref> [[Magneti Marelli]], [[Getrag|Magna Gertrag]], [[Bridgestone]])
* Mechanics ([[New Holland Construction]], [[Iveco#Engines|Iveco Motori]], [[Isotta Fraschini Motori]], [[MERMEC]]) 
* Furniture ([[Natuzzi]])
* Food and Beverage (De Carlo, [[:it:Divella|Divella]], Quarta Caffé)
* Agriculture (Casillo Group, G.C. Partecipazioni) 
* Publishing ([[:it:Casa editrice Giuseppe Laterza & figli|Laterza]], [[:it:Edizioni Dedalo|Edizioni Dedalo]])
* Tourism (Nicolaus tour)
* Logistics (GTS Rail)
* I.C.T. ([[:it:Exprivia|Exprivia]])

In [[Taranto]], there is the largest metallurgical work ILVA Acciaierie di Taranto (8,200 empl.) in Europe with a full iron and steel production cycle. It will be sold to [[Arcelor Mittal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/economia/news/arcelormittal_ilva_azienda_dipendenti_numeri_acciaieria-4841602.html|title=Taranto Steelworks|date=5 November 2019 |language=it}}</ref>

In [[Brindisi]], there is a chemical industrial park with an [[Eni]] power station, Eni oil refinery, [[:it:Syndial|Syndial]] chemical factory, and [[Versalis]] chemical factory (basic chemistry, intermediates, polyethene, styrenics and elastomers). [[LyondellBasell]] polypropylene plant, [[Sanofi]] plant (antibiotics). Another Eni oil refinery is located in [[Taranto]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it/news/130-brindisi/1034289/brindisi-fra-le-capitali-industriali-del-mediterraneo-centro-orientale.html|title=Brindisi Industriale|language=it|access-date=13 May 2021|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513154518/https://www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it/news/130-brindisi/1034289/brindisi-fra-le-capitali-industriali-del-mediterraneo-centro-orientale.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Unemployment ===
The unemployment rate stood at 14.1% in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/lfst_r_lfu3rt/default/table?lang=en |title=Unemployment rate by NUTS 2 regions |at=ITF4 Puglia |website=Statistics / Eurostat |date=2022 |lang=en |doi=10.2908/lfst_r_lfu3rt |doi-access=free |author1=Eurostat }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!2006
!2007
!2008
!2009
!2010
!2011
!2012
!2013
!2014
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
|-
|'''unemployment rate'''<br/>(in %)
|12.6% 
|11.1% 
|11.6% 
|12.6%
|13.5%
|13.2% 
|15.7% 
|19.7% 
|21.5%
|19.7% 
|19.4% 
|18.8%
|16.1%
|14.8%
|14.1%
|}

===Fishing and aquaculture===
The port of [[Taranto]] hosts numerous fishing boats. The fleet is mainly made up of about 80 fishing boats, which do not exceed 10 gross tonnage and which practice trawling, while the remaining small-scale fishing boats operate with gillnets. The sea, rich and generous, is populated by [[Common dentex|dentex]], [[Gilt-head bream|sea bream]], [[Gilt-head bream|glit-head bream]], [[Epinephelus marginatus|grouper]], [[redfish]], [[Mullet (fish)|mullet]], [[Mussel|mussels]], [[sea urchin]], [[European anchovy|anchovies]], [[Caridea|shrimp]] and [[squid]]. Other significant fishing ports are [[Manfredonia]], [[Trani]], [[Molfetta]], [[Mola di Bari]], [[Monopoli]], [[Castro, Apulia|Castro]], and [[Gallipoli (Italy)|Gallipoli]].

Today [[Taranto]] is the world's largest producer of farmed [[Mussel|mussels]]: with 1,300 employees, around 30,000 tons of mussels are processed per year. Mussel farming has characterized the city's economy for centuries, making the mussel the gastronomic symbol of Taranto. It is said that the first mussel gardens in [[La Spezia]], [[Pula]], [[Olbia]] and [[Chioggia]] were established by mussel farmers who emigrated from this city. The workplace of the Taranto mussel farmers is the boat; every detail of the working method has improved over time.

10 m long structures made of wood or metal, called "pali" (piles), are attached to the seabed, to which ropes and nets are then attached, on which the mussels are grown. The mussels farmed here are particularly tasty and valued because they grow in a special environment, a mixture of salt seawater and karst freshwater. These special environmental conditions of the seas of Taranto are ideal not only for the mussels but also for the fish and crustaceans that find food and shelter between the piles. While there are around 18 submarine freshwater springs, called "Citri", in the Mar Piccolo, there is only one large one in the Mar Grande, which is called "Anello di [[Catald|San Cataldo]]" in honour of the patron saint of the city.
<gallery>
Dentex_dentex_1.jpg|Dentex
Sparus_aurata_juvenile.jpg|Sea bream
pandborealisind.jpg|Shrimp
Cozza_tarantina.jpg|Mussels
</gallery>

===Agriculture===
Agriculture plays a prominent economic role in Apulia. It is mainly intensive and modern agriculture that allows the region to be among the first in Italy for the production of many products:
* [[durum]] wheat which is used to produce pasta
* [[tomatoes]]
* [[grape]]
* [[almonds]]
* [[olive oil]]

Vegetable growing ([[lettuce]], [[artichoke]], [[fennel]], [[cabbage]], [[celery]], [[barattiere]], [[borage]], [[sweet potato]], [[caper]], [[portulaca]], [[Rapini|broccoli rabe]]) and horticulture ([[peach]], [[Orange (fruit)|orange]], [[clementine]], [[lemon]], [[kumquat]], [[fig]], [[pomegranate]], [[persimmon]], [[Opuntia|prickly pear]]) are also developed.

===Viticulture===
[[File: Vigneto_a_tendone_in_agro_di_Barletta.JPG|thumb|right|Awning vineyard in the countryside of Barletta]]
Vineyards cover {{Convert|106,715|ha|acre|abbr=on}} in Apulia, which is first place among Italian grape-growing regions. But in the production of quality DOC and DOCG wines, Apulia has only ranked 12th of 20 with 297,667 hl. 

There are four DOCG wines:
* Castel del Monte Bombino Nero 
* Castel del Monte Nero di Troia Riserva
* Castel del Monte Rosso Riserva 
* Primitivo di Manduria Dolce Naturale

===Oliviculture===
[[File:Terre_Tarentine.jpg|thumb|right|Terre Tarentine extra-virgin olive oil]]
[[File:Ulivi_modugno2.jpg|thumb|right|Olive trees near Modugno]]
There are an estimated 50 to 60 million olive trees in Apulia, and the region accounts for 40% of Italy's olive oil production. There are four specific [[Protected designation of origin|Protected designations of Origin]] (PDO) covering the whole region.<ref>[https://www.oliveoilsitaly.com/extra-virgin-oil/apulia/ PDO status] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706050340/https://www.oliveoilsitaly.com/extra-virgin-oil/apulia/ |date=6 July 2018 }}- Retrieved 6 July 2018</ref> Olive varieties include: ''Baresane'', ''Biancolilla'', ''Brandofino'' (Castiglione), ''Buscionetto'' ([[Biancolella|Biancolilla]]), ''Carolea'', ''Cellina di Nardò'', ''Cerasuola'' (Ogliara), ''Cerignola'' ([[Cerignola olive|Bella di Cerignola]]), ''Cima di Bitonto'', ''Cima di Mola'', ''Coratina'',<ref>[http://www.artecibo.com/the-coratina-olive Coratina olive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706074950/http://www.artecibo.com/the-coratina-olive |date=6 July 2018 }}- Retrieved 5 July 2019</ref> also grown in Corning, California, a 2018 Gold Medal New York International Olive Oil Competition (NYIOOC) winner,<ref>[https://www.lucerooliveoil.com/coratina-extra-virgin-olive-oil.html Coratina olives in Ca.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706051827/https://www.lucerooliveoil.com/coratina-extra-virgin-olive-oil.html |date=6 July 2018 }}- Retrieved 5 July 2018</ref> ''Frantoio'', ''Garganica'', ''La Minuta'', ''Leccino'', ''Moresca'', ''Nocellara Etnea'', ''Nocellara Messinese'', ''Ogliarola'', ''Ogliarola Barese'', ''Ogliara Messinese'', ''Ottobratica'', ''Peranzana'', ''Rotondella'', ''Santagatese'', ''Saracena'', ''Tonda Iblea'', and ''Verdello'' (subspecies of San Benedetto).<ref>[http://www.dopitalianfood.com/en/brands-dop-italian-food/olive-oil-pdo-pgi/item/437-land-of-bari-olive-oil-p-d-o.html Apulia region cultivars] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075050/http://www.dopitalianfood.com/en/brands-dop-italian-food/olive-oil-pdo-pgi/item/437-land-of-bari-olive-oil-p-d-o.html |date=6 July 2018 }}- Retrieved 20180-7-05</ref><ref>[https://www.thethinkingtraveller.com/thinkpuglia/guide-to-puglia/geography-of-puglia/a-carpet-of-olive-trees.aspx Puglia olive cultivars] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075026/https://www.thethinkingtraveller.com/thinkpuglia/guide-to-puglia/geography-of-puglia/a-carpet-of-olive-trees.aspx |date=6 July 2018 }}- Retrieved 5 July 2018</ref>

====''Xylella fastidiosa'' disease====
Since 2008–2010, the olive oil industry in Apulia has been under threat from the pathogen ''[[Xylella fastidiosa]]'', a disease that inhibits the trees' uptake of water and nutrients. The epicentre of the epidemic is the southeastern part of the region.

=== Tourism ===
Apulia has many small and picturesque villages, 14 of them have been selected by {{lang|it|[[I Borghi più belli d'Italia]]}} ({{langx|en|The most beautiful Villages of Italy}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://borghipiubelliditalia.it/puglia/|title=Puglia|date=10 January 2017 |access-date=1 August 2023|language=it}}</ref> a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/viaggi/2023/01/16/news/borghi_piu_belli_italia_14_nuovi_2023-383794441/|title=Borghi più belli d'Italia. Le 14 novità 2023, dal Trentino alla Calabria|date=16 January 2023 |access-date=28 July 2023|language=it}}</ref> that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://borghipiubelliditalia.it/ |title = I Borghi più belli d'Italia, la guida online ai piccoli centri dell'Italia nascosta|access-date=3 May 2018|language=it}}</ref>