Editing Attack ad (section)

== Effect on voter turnout ==
Studies suggest that attack ads have no effect on [[voter turnout]] in the United States. There is, in fact, a noted negative impact on voter turnout by some researches, but it has no bearing on the evidence as it is statistically insignificant. The only case in which evidence reveals a correlation between negative advertising and voter turnout is for "late" negativity. This is when two conditions exist for the voter: they have already selected their preferred candidate and the attack and the negativity is about their selected candidate. If these two conditions exist, there is a negative effect on voter turnout. In this case, a forty percent increase in "late" negative ads will decrease the likelihood of turnout by 0.087, and a sixty percent increase in late ads merits a 0.145 decrease in turnout. Thus, the only case in which attack ads have been found to effect on voter turn out is when the voter has already selected their candidate, as they realize that their candidate is potentially no better than the alternative options.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krupnikov |first1=Yanna |title=When Does Negativity Demobilize? Tracing the Conditional Effect of Negative Campaigning on Voter Turnout |journal=American Journal of Political Science |date=October 2011 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=797–813 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00522.x }}</ref>