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Autoethnography
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=== 1990s to present === In the early- to mid-1990s, researchers aimed to address the concerns raised in the previous decades regarding questions of legitimacy and reliability of ethnographic approaches. One way to do that was to directly place oneself into the research narrative, noting the [[Perspectivism|positionality]] of the researcher. Here, the researcher could either insert themselves into the research narrative or increase participants' involvement in the research project, such as through [[participatory action research]]. Autoethnography became more popular in the 1990s for ethnographers who aimed to use "personal experience and reflexivity to examine cultural experiences."<ref name=":24" /> Series such as ''Ethnographic Alternatives'' and the first ''Handbook of Qualitative Research'' were published to better explain the importance of autoethnographic use, and key texts focused specifically on autoethnography were published, including [[Carolyn Ellis]]'s ''Investigating Subjectivity,'' ''Final Negotiations, The Ethnographic I,'' and ''Revision'', as well as [[Arthur P. Bochner|Art Bochner's]] ''Coming to Narrative''. In 2013, Tony Adams, Stacy Holman Jones, and [[Carolyn Ellis]] co-edited the first edition of the ''Handbook of Autoethnography.'' They published ''Autoethnography'' in 2015 and the second edition of the ''Handbook of Autoethnography'' in 2022. In 2020, Adams and Andrew Herrmann started the ''Journal of Autoethnography'' with the [[University of California Press]]. In 2021, Marlen Harrison started ''The Autoethnographer'', a Literary & Arts Magazine. In 2023, Tony Adams launched the Certificate in Autoethnography program at Bradley University. In the 2000s, major conferences began to regularly accept autoethnographic work, starting primarily with the International Congress of Qualitative Inquiry (2005).<ref name=":25" /> Other conferences that foreground autoethnographic research include the International Symposium on Autoethnography and Narrative (formerly Doing Autoethnography), the International Conference of Autoethnography (formerly British Autoethnography), and Critical Autoethnography.<ref name=":25" /> Today, ethnographers typically use a "kind of hybrid form of confessional-impressionist tale" that includes "performative, poetic, impressionistic, symbolic, and lyrical language" while also "focusing closely on the self-data inherent in confessional writing."<ref name=":24" />
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