Editing Beta blocker (section)

=== Other ===
A 2014 Cochrane review investigated the use of beta blockers in the maintenance of chronic type B thoracic [[aortic aneurysm]] in comparison to other anti hypertensive medications.<ref name="Chan_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chan KK, Lai P, Wright JM | title = First-line beta-blockers versus other antihypertensive medications for chronic type B aortic dissection | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 2 | pages = CD010426 | date = February 2014 | volume = 2014 | pmid = 24570114 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010426.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Hypertension Group | pmc = 10726980 }}</ref> The review found no suitable evidence to support the current guidelines recommending its use.<ref name="Chan_2014" />

A 2017 Cochrane review on the use of beta blockers to prevent aortic dissections in people with Marfan syndrome was unable to draw definitive conclusions due to lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Koo HK, Lawrence KA, Musini VM | title = Beta-blockers for preventing aortic dissection in Marfan syndrome | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2017 | issue = 11 | pages = CD011103 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29110304 | pmc = 6486285 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011103.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Heart Group }}</ref>

Adrenergic antagonists are mostly used for [[cardiovascular disease]]. The adrenergic antagonists are widely used for lowering blood pressure and relieving [[hypertension]].<ref>[http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/hypertensionaha/early/2015/11/30/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06467.full.pdf Effects of β-Blockers With and Without Vasodilating Properties on Central Blood Pressure], Pucci, G., Ranalli, M. G., Battista, F., & Schillaci, G. (2015). Effects of β-Blockers With and Without Vasodilating Properties on Central Blood Pressure. Hypertension, HYPERTENSIONAHA-115.</ref> These antagonists have a been proven to relieve the pain caused by [[myocardial infarction]], and also the infarction size, which correlates with heart rate.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Malcolm Cruickshank|title=The Modern Role of Beta-Blockers in Cardiovascular Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QH0kZ7jjfOQC|year=2010|publisher=PMPH-USA|location=Shelton, Conn|isbn=978-1-60795-108-7}}</ref>

There are few non-cardiovascular uses for adrenergic antagonists. Alpha-adrenergic antagonists are also used for treatment of [[ureteral stones|ureteric stones]], [[pain disorder|pain]] and [[panic disorder]]s, [[drug withdrawal|withdrawal]], and [[anesthesia]].<ref name="pmid27908918">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hollingsworth JM, Canales BK, Rogers MA, Sukumar S, Yan P, Kuntz GM, Dahm P | title = Alpha blockers for treatment of ureteric stones: systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = BMJ | volume = 355 | pages = i6112 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 27908918 | pmc = 5131734 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.i6112 }}</ref><ref name="pmid25849473">{{cite journal | vauthors = Giovannitti JA, Thoms SM, Crawford JJ | title = Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists: a review of current clinical applications | journal = Anesth Prog | volume = 62 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–9 | date = 2015 | pmid = 25849473 | pmc = 4389556 | doi = 10.2344/0003-3006-62.1.31 | url = }}</ref>

Beta blockers are used to treat acute cardiovascular [[toxicity]] (e.g. in [[overdose]]) caused by [[sympathomimetic]]s, for instance caused by [[amphetamine]], [[methamphetamine]], [[cocaine]], [[ephedrine]], and other drugs.<ref name="RichardsAlbertsonDerlet2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Richards JR, Albertson TE, Derlet RW, Lange RA, Olson KR, Horowitz BZ | title = Treatment of toxicity from amphetamines, related derivatives, and analogues: a systematic clinical review | journal = Drug Alcohol Depend | volume = 150 | issue = | pages = 1–13 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25724076 | doi = 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.040 | url = }}</ref> Combined α<sub>1</sub> and beta blockers like [[labetalol]] and [[carvedilol]] may be more favorable for such purposes due to the possibility of "unopposed α-stimulation" with selective beta blockers.<ref name="RichardsAlbertsonDerlet2015" /><ref name="RichardsHollanderRamoska2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Richards JR, Hollander JE, Ramoska EA, Fareed FN, Sand IC, Izquierdo Gómez MM, Lange RA | title = β-Blockers, Cocaine, and the Unopposed α-Stimulation Phenomenon | journal = J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 239–249 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28399647 | doi = 10.1177/1074248416681644 | url = }}</ref>