Editing Bioaugmentation (section)

==Failures and potential solutions==
There have been many instances where bioaugmentation had deficiencies in its process, including the use of the wrong organism.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Oerther DB, Danalewich J, Dulekgurgen E, Leveque E, Freedman D, Raskin L | title = Bioaugmentation of sequencing batch reactors for biological phosphorus removal: comparative rRNA sequence analysis and hybridization with oligonucleotide probes | journal = Water Science and Technology | volume = 37 | issue = 4–5 | pages = 469–473 | date = 1998 | doi = 10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00148-6 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The implementation of bioaugmentation on the environment can pose problems of predation, nutritional competition between indigenous and inoculated bacteria, insufficient inoculations, and disturbing the ecological balance due to large inoculations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raper|first1=E|last2=Stephenson|first2=T|last3=Anderson|first3=D.R.|title=Industrial Wastewater Treatment through Bioaugmentation|url=http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/13610|journal=Process Safety and Environmental Protection|year=2018|volume=118|pages=178–187|doi=10.1016/j.psep.2018.06.035|s2cid=102887808|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> Each problem can be solved using different techniques to limit the possibilities of these problems occurring. Predation can be prevented by high initial doses of the inoculated bacteria or heat treatment prior to inoculation whereas nutritional competition can be settled with biostimulation. Insufficient inoculations can be treated by repeated or continual inoculations and large inoculations are resolved with highly monitored dosages of the bacteria.

Examples include the introduced bacteria fail to enhance the degradation within the soil,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Appl Environ Microbiol|year=1985|volume=50|issue=4|pages=977–83|title=Reasons for possible failure of inoculation to enhance biodegradation|vauthors=Goldstein RM, Mallory LM, Alexander M |pmid=4083891|pmc=291779|doi=10.1128/AEM.50.4.977-983.1985|bibcode=1985ApEnM..50..977G }}</ref>  and the bioaugmentation trials fail on the laboratory scale, but succeed on the large scale.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Biotechnol. Adv.|year=1992|volume=10|issue=4|pages=549–59|title=Bioaugmentation for enhancing biological wastewater treatment|vauthors=Stephenson D, Stephenson T |pmid=14543705|doi=10.1016/0734-9750(92)91452-k}}</ref>  Many of these problems occurred because the [[microbial ecology]] issues were not taken into consideration in order to map the performance of the bioaugmentation. It is crucial to consider the microbes' ability to withstand the conditions in the microbial community to be placed in. In many of the cases that have failed, only the microbes' ability to break down compounds was considered and less their [[biological fitness|fitness]] in existing communities and the resulting competitive stress.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith RC, Saikaly PE, Zhang K, Thomas S, Oerther DB | title = Ecological engineering of bioaugmentation from side-stream nitrification | journal = Water Science and Technology | volume = 57 | issue = 12 | pages = 1927–1933 | date = 2008 | pmid = 18587180 | doi = 10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00148-6 | doi-access = free }}</ref> It is better to identify the existing communities before looking at the strains needed to break down pollutants.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Thompson Ian P.|display-authors=et al | year = 2005 | title = Bioaugmentation for bioremediation: the challenge of strain selection | journal = Environmental Microbiology | volume = 7 | issue = 7| pages = 909–915 | doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00804.x|pmid=15946288 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


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