Editing Biosensor (section)

===Nucleic acid interactions===
Biosensors employing nucleic acid based receptors can be either based on complementary base pairing interactions referred to as genosensors or specific nucleic acid based antibody mimics (aptamers) as aptasensors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaur |first1=Harmanjit |last2=Shorie |first2=Munish |title=Nanomaterial based aptasensors for clinical and environmental diagnostic applications |journal=Nanoscale Advances |date=29 Apr 2019 |volume=1 |issue=6 |pages=2123–2138 |doi=10.1039/C9NA00153K |pmid=36131986 |pmc=9418768 |bibcode=2019NanoA...1.2123K |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the former, the recognition process is based on the principle of complementary [[base pair]]ing, adenine:thymine and cytosine:guanine in [[DNA]]. If the target nucleic acid sequence is known, complementary sequences can be synthesized, labeled, and then immobilized on the sensor. The hybridization event can be optically detected and presence of target DNA/RNA ascertained. In the latter, aptamers generated against the target recognise it via interplay of specific non-covalent interactions and induced fitting. These aptamers can be labelled with a fluorophore/metal nanoparticles easily for optical detection or may be employed for label-free electrochemical or cantilever based detection platforms for a wide range of target molecules or complex targets like cells and viruses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sefah |first1=Kwame |title=Development of DNA aptamers using Cell-SELEX |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nprot.2010.66 |doi=10.1038/nprot.2010.66 |volume=5 |year=2010 |journal=Nature Protocols |issue=6 |pages=1169–1185|pmid=20539292 |s2cid=4953042 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title= Microtitre Plate Based Cell-SELEX Method|date=20 October 2018 |volume=8 |issue=20 |pages=e3051 |url=https://bio-protocol.org/e3051 |doi=10.21769/BioProtoc.3051|last1=Shorie |first1=Munish |last2=Kaur |first2=Harmanjit |journal=Bio-Protocol |pmid=34532522 |pmc=8342047 }}</ref> Additionally, aptamers can be combined with nucleic acid enzymes, such as RNA-cleaving DNAzymes, providing both target recognition and signal generation in a single molecule, which shows potential applications in the development of multiplex biosensors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Montserrat Pagès| first1=Aida | title=DNA-only bioassay for simultaneous detection of proteins and nucleic acids | journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | year=2021 | volume=413 | issue=20 | pages=4925–4937 | doi=10.1007/s00216-021-03458-6| pmid=34184101 | pmc=8238030 }}</ref>