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Blue monkey
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===Social structure=== <!-- inline references added. Cords 2001 was replaced with Cords 2002 ref. --> The blue monkeys live in female-[[Philopatry|philopatric]] social systems where females stay in their natal groups, while males disperse once they reach adulthood.<ref name=Forster/> As a result, blue monkey groups usually consist of one male with several females and infants, giving rise to matrilinear societies.<ref name=Forster/><ref name=Cords86/><ref name=Cords/> Occasionally, solitary males are observed, which are probably transient, having left their natal group in search of a new group.<ref name="MonkeyWorlds"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Blue monkey|url=https://www.projectnoah.org/spottings/7087474|website=Project Noah|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Blue Monkey|url=https://www.reachafricanwildlife.com/blue-monkey/|website=Get to African Wildlife safaris|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref> ====Social relationships==== In these female-bonded societies, only 5–15% of monkeys' activity budget is occupied by social interactions and the most common social interactions within a group are grooming and playing.<ref name=Cords86>{{cite journal |last=Cords |first=Marina |year=1986 |title=Interspecific and Intraspecific Variation in Diet of Two Forest Guenons, ''Cercopithecus ascanius'' and ''C. mitis'' |journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=811β827 |jstor=4418 |doi=10.2307/4418|bibcode=1986JAnEc..55..811C }}</ref><ref name=Cords>{{cite journal |last=Cords |first=Marina |year=2002 |title=Friendship among adult female blue monkeys (''Cercopithecus mitis'') |journal=Behaviour |volume=139 |issue=2β3 |pages=291β314 |doi=10.1163/156853902760102681 |citeseerx=10.1.1.505.6980 |s2cid=145357186 }}</ref><ref name=Gathua>Gathua JM. 2000. Intraspecific variation in foraging patterns of redtail monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya. Dissertation Abstracts International 60-12:A,4497. Columbia University.</ref><ref name=Payne>{{cite journal |last1=Payne |first1=H.F.P. |last2=Lawes |first2=M.J. |last3=Henzi |first3=S.P. |year=2003 |title=Fatal Attack on an Adult Female ''Cercopithecus mitis erythrarchus'': Implications for Female Dispersal in Female-Bonded Societies |journal=International Journal of Primatology |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=1245β1250 |doi=10.1023/b:ijop.0000005990.39403.96|s2cid=24628028 }}</ref><ref name=Pazol>{{cite journal |last1=Pazol |first1=Karen |last2=Cords |first2=Marina |year=2005 |title=Seasonal variation in feeding behavior, competition and female social relationships in a forest dwelling guenon, the blue monkey (''Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni''), in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=566β577 |doi=10.1007/s00265-005-0953-3 |bibcode=2005BEcoS..58..566P |s2cid=25637141 }}</ref> Relationships between group members vary: infants interact most frequently with their peers and adult or juvenile females<ref name=Forster/> and are rarely seen near adult males.<ref name="MonkeyWorlds"/><ref name=Forster/> [[Alloparenting]] is common among blue monkeys. The most common infant handlers are juvenile females, and usually one infant is carried by a number of alloparents. One hypothesis is that this allows the infant to learn to socialise at an early stage in life.<ref name=Forster/> Interesting female-female relationships exist among blue monkeys. This relationship is believed to be shaped by their feeding ecology, which, in turn, is shaped by between-group and within-group competition.<ref name=Pazol/> Blue monkey females exhibit strong, aggressive competition between groups<ref name=Cords86/><ref name=Cords/><ref name=Payne/> and between other species because of their territorial character,<ref name=Cords/><ref name=Payne/> but milder though more frequent competition within groups.<ref name=Cords/> Though earlier beliefs were that blue monkeys are not territorial, more current extended research<ref name=Payne/> shows that earlier researchers misinterpreted the results because social interactions overall are infrequent. Moreover, overall [[agonism]] rates in blue monkeys are very low.<ref name=Cords/><ref name=Pazol/> Within-group conflicts are mild and infrequent because females distance themselves from one another and feed at different sites to avoid competition.<ref name=Cords/><ref name=Pazol/> Although blue monkeys were believed to be egalitarian, current extended research confirms that linear dominance hierarchy occurs in female blue monkeys,<ref name=Cords/><ref name=Payne/> which becomes more apparent when food resources are scarce.<ref name=Cords/>
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