Editing Boeing AH-64 Apache (section)

===Avionics and targeting===
[[File:De cockpit van de schutter voorin een Boeing AH-64D Apache (2156 023657).jpg|thumb|right|The gunner's position in the AH-64D Longbow Apache]]

One of the revolutionary features of the Apache was its [[Helmet mounted display#Integrated Helmet And Display Sight System (IHADSS)|helmet mounted display]], the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS);<ref>{{cite report |url=http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA202984 |title=The Impact of the U.S. Army's AH-64 Helmet Mounted Display on Future Aviation Helmet Design |publisher=Army Aeromedical Research Lab Fort Rucker |first=Clarence E. |last=Rash |author2=Martin, John S. |date=August 1988 |access-date=31 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227062116/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA202984 |archive-date=27 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://spie.org/x648.html?product_id=478896 |title=Emergence of Solid State Helmet-Mounted Displays in Military Applications |journal=Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays VII |volume=4711 |pages=28–32 |publisher=SPIE |first=Curtis J. |last=Casey |editor-first1=Clarence E. |editor-first2=Colin E. |editor-last1=Rash |editor-last2=Reese |date=5 August 2002|bibcode=2002SPIE.4711...28C |doi=10.1117/12.478896|s2cid=110336810 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> among its capabilities, either the pilot or gunner can [[Master/slave (technology)|slave]] the helicopter's 30&nbsp;mm automatic M230 Chain Gun to their helmet, making the gun track head movements to point where they look. The M230E1 can be alternatively fixed to a locked forward firing position, or controlled via the [[Target Acquisition and Designation Sights, Pilot Night Vision System|Target Acquisition and Designation System]] (TADS).<ref name=Janes_AWA_2000>{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jawa/jawa001013_1_n.shtml |title=Boeing AH-64 Apache |publisher=Jane's Information Group |date=13 October 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225163847/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jawa/jawa001013_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |access-date=1 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/1999/news_release_990504n.htm |title=Boeing To Develop Electric Gun Turret for the AH-64D |publisher=Boeing |date=5 May 1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701003336/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/1999/news_release_990504n.htm |archive-date=1 July 2013}}</ref> On more modern AH-64s, the TADS/PNVS has been replaced by [[Lockheed Martin]]'s [[Apache Arrowhead|Arrowhead]] (MTADS) targeting system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2624m-in-arrowheads-for-apaches-0442/ |title=$262.4M in Arrowheads For Apaches |website=Defense Daily |date=2 May 2005}}</ref>

U.S. Army engagement training is performed under the Aerial Weapons Scoring System Integration with Longbow Apache Tactical Engagement Simulation System (AWSS-LBA TESS), using live 30&nbsp;mm and rocket ammunition as well as simulated Hellfire missiles. The [[Smart Onboard Data Interface Module]] (SMODIM) transmits Apache data to an AWSS ground station for gunnery evaluation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peostri.army.mil/PRODUCTS/AWSS-LBA-TESS/home.jsp |title=PEO STRI AWSS LBA TESS |publisher=PEO STRI |access-date=20 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320202151/http://www.peostri.army.mil/PRODUCTS/AWSS-LBA-TESS/home.jsp |archive-date=20 March 2014}}</ref> The AH-64's standard of performance for [[aerial gunnery]] is to achieve at least 1 hit for every 30 shots fired at a wheeled vehicle at a range of {{convert|800|–|1200|m|yd|abbr=on}}.<ref name=heligun1>[http://www.dodsbir.net/sitis/display_topic.asp?Bookmark=42650 "ASP Motion Base for Stabilized Mounts"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708201653/http://www.dodsbir.net/sitis/display_topic.asp?Bookmark=42650 |date=8 July 2013}}. [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] [[Small Business Innovation Research]]. Retrieved June 2012.</ref>

[[File:Female Apache Pilot MOD 45151297.jpg|thumb|left|British Apache pilot with IHADSS]]
The AH-64 was designed to perform in front-line environments, and to operate at night or day and during adverse weather conditions,<ref name=Harris>{{cite web |url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/apache-helicopter5.htm |title=How Apache Helicopters Work: Apache Sensors |publisher=howstuffworks.com |first=Tom |last=Harris |date=2 April 2002 |access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> thanks to systems including the [[Target Acquisition and Designation System, Pilot Night Vision System]] (TADS/PNVS), passive [[infrared countermeasure]]s,<ref>Richardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 26–31.</ref> [[Global Positioning System|GPS]], and the IHADSS.<ref name=Janes_AWA_2000 /><ref name=Harris /> Longbow-equipped Apaches can locate up to 256 targets simultaneously within {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="koreatimes26jan16">[https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/01/205_196370.html Apache Guardian set to deploy on May] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304174602/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/01/205_196370.html |date=4 March 2016}} – Koreatimes.co.kr, 26 January 2016</ref> In August 2012, 24 U.S. Army AH-64Ds were equipped with the Ground Fire Acquisition System (GFAS), which detects and targets ground-based weapons fire sources in all-light conditions and with a 120° [[visual field]]. The GFAS consists of two [[targeting pod|sensor pods]] working with the AH-64's other sensors, and a [[thermographic camera]] that precisely locates muzzle flashes.<ref>[http://www.armedforces-int.com/news/afghan-debut-for-apache-ground-fire-system.html Ground Fire Acquisition System] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028221156/http://www.armedforces-int.com/news/afghan-debut-for-apache-ground-fire-system.html |date=28 October 2012}} – Armedforces-int.com, 26 October 2012.</ref>

In 2014, it was announced that new targeting and surveillance sensors were under development to provide high-resolution color imagery to crews, replacing older low definition black-and-white imaging systems.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-army-apaches-lockheed-idUSBREA1I14220140219 |title=Lockheed tech lets U.S. Apache helicopter pilots aim in color |newspaper=Reuters |date=19 February 2014 |access-date=9 February 2019|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> Lockheed received the first contract in January 2016, upgrading the Arrowhead turret to provide higher-resolution color imaging with longer ranges and a wider field of view.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/lockheed-secures-first-order-for-apache-day-sensor-k-420607/ |title=Lockheed secures first order for Apache day sensor kits |first=James |last=Drew |date=7 January 2016 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> In 2014, the U.S. Army was adapting its Apaches for increased maritime performance as part of the Pentagon's rebalance to the Pacific. Additional avionics and sensor improvements includes an extended-range radar capable of detecting small ships in littoral environments, software adaptions to handle maritime targets, and adding [[Link 16]] data-links for better communications with friendly assets.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.military.com/dodbuzz/2014/10/13/army-configures-apaches-for-sea-duty |title=Army Configures Apaches for Sea Duty |date=13 October 2014 |website=Military.com |access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>