Editing Broadband (section)

== Broadband technologies ==

=== Telecommunications ===
In [[telecommunications]], a broadband signalling method is one that handles a wide band of frequencies. "Broadband" is a relative term, understood according to its context. The wider (or broader) the [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] of a channel, the greater the data-carrying capacity, given the same channel quality.

In [[radio]], for example, a very narrow band will carry [[Morse code]], a broader band will carry speech, and a still broader band will carry [[music]] without losing the high [[Audio frequency |audio frequencies]] required for realistic [[sound reproduction]]. This broad band is often divided into channels or "frequency bins" using [[passband]] techniques to allow [[frequency-division multiplexing]] instead of sending a higher-quality signal.

In data communications, a [[Modem#56&nbsp;kbit/s technologies|56k modem]] will transmit a data rate of 56 kilobits per second (kbit/s) over a 4-kilohertz-wide [[telephone line]] (narrowband or [[voiceband]]). In the late 1980s, the [[Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network]] (B-ISDN) used the term to refer to a broad range of [[bit rate]]s, independent of physical modulation details.<ref name="bisdn">{{cite web |author=Ender Ayanoglu |author2=Nail Akar |title=B-ISDN (Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network) |date=25 May 2002 |url=http://repositories.cdlib.org/cpcc/2/ |publisher=Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing, UC Irvine |access-date=July 12, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016192623/http://repositories.cdlib.org/cpcc/2/ |archive-date=October 16, 2009 }}</ref> The various forms of [[digital subscriber line]] (DSL) services are ''broadband'' in the sense that digital information is sent over multiple channels. Each channel is at a higher frequency than the [[baseband]] voice channel, so it can support [[plain old telephone service]] on a single pair of wires at the same time.<ref name="adsl-aa">{{cite web |url=http://aa.net.uk/kb-broadband-how.html |title=Knowledge Base - How Broadband Words |author=<!-- No author byline --> |access-date=July 27, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721170126/http://aa.net.uk/kb-broadband-how.html |archive-date=July 21, 2016 }}</ref> However, when that same line is converted to a [[loading coil|non-loaded]] twisted-pair wire (no telephone filters), it becomes hundreds of kilohertz wide (broadband) and can carry up to 100 megabits per second using very high-bit rate digital subscriber line ([[VDSL]] or VHDSL) techniques.<ref name="vdsl-itu">{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2005/06.html |title=New ITU Standard Delivers 10x ADSL Speeds |author=<!-- No author byline --> |date=May 27, 2005 |access-date=July 27, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903203113/http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2005/06.html |archive-date=September 3, 2016 }}</ref>

Modern networks have to carry integrated [[Network traffic measurement|traffic]] consisting of voice, video and data. The [[Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network]] (B-ISDN) was designed for these needs.<ref name=Jain>{{cite journal |title=Congestion Control and Traffic Management in ATM Networks |journal=Invited Submission to Computer Networks and ISDN Systems |volume=28 |year=1996 |pages=1723–1738 |author=Jain, Raj |url= http://www.cse.ohio-state.edu/~jain/papers/ftp/cnis/index.html|accessdate= 7 March 2005 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20040619200707/http://www.cse.ohio-state.edu/~jain/papers/ftp/cnis/index.html|archivedate= 19 June 2004 |url-status=dead |doi= 10.1016/0169-7552(96)00012-8|arxiv=cs/9809085 |s2cid=47147736 }}</ref> The types of traffic supported by a broadband network can be classified according to three characteristics:<ref name=ATM>{{cite web |title= ATM Traffic Control |author= Juliano, Mark |url= http://www.byte.com/art/9412/sec10/art5.htm |accessdate= 3 March 2005 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090114111829/http://www.byte.com/art/9412/sec10/art5.htm |archive-date= 2009-01-14 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

* [[Bandwidth (computing)|Bandwidth]] is the amount of network capacity required to support a connection.
* [[Network latency|Latency]] is the amount of delay associated with a connection. Requesting low latency in the [[quality of service]] (QoS) profile means that the cells need to travel quickly from one point in the network to another.
* Cell-delay variation (CDV) is the range of delays experienced by each group of associated cells. Low cell-delay variation means a group of cells must travel through the network without getting too far apart from one another.

[[Cellular network|Cellular networks]] utilize various standards for data transmission, including [[5G]] which can support one million separate devices per square kilometer.

=== Requirements of the types of traffic ===
The types of traffic found in a broadband network (with examples) and their respective requirements are summarised in Table 1.

{| class="wikitable"  
|+ Table 1: Network traffic types and their requirements<ref name=ATM/>
! Traffic type !! Example !! Required bandwidth !! Cell-delay !! Latency
|-
| Constant || Voice, guaranteed circuit emulation || Minimal || Low ||  
|-
| Variable || Compressed video || Guaranteed || Variable || Low
|-
| Available || Data || Not guaranteed || Widely variable || Variable
|}
=== Computer networks ===
Many [[computer network]]s use a simple [[line code]] to transmit one type of signal using a medium's full bandwidth using its [[baseband]] (from zero through the highest frequency needed). Most versions of the popular [[Ethernet]] family are given names, such as the original 1980s [[10BASE5]], to indicate this. Networks that use [[cable modem]]s on standard [[cable television]] infrastructure are called broadband to indicate the wide range of frequencies that can include multiple data users as well as traditional television channels on the same cable. Broadband systems usually use a different [[radio frequency]] modulated by the data signal for each band.<ref>{{cite book |title= What every engineer should know about data communications |page= 64 |author= Carl Stephen Clifton |publisher= CRC Press |year= 1987 |isbn= 978-0-8247-7566-7 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YVi8HVN-APwC&pg=PA64 |quote= Broadband: Modulating the data signal onto an RF carrier and applying this RF signal to the carrier media |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160529101334/https://books.google.com/books?id=YVi8HVN-APwC&pg=PA64 |archive-date= 2016-05-29 }}</ref>

The total bandwidth of the medium is larger than the bandwidth of any channel.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clifton|first1=Carl Stephen|title=What every engineer should know about data communications|date=1987|publisher=M. Dekker|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8247-7566-7|page=64|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuuYZlJQ4pAC|access-date=21 June 2016|quote=Broadband: relative term referring to a system which carries a wide frequency range.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629163754/https://books.google.com/books?id=WuuYZlJQ4pAC|archive-date=29 June 2016}}</ref>

The [[10BROAD36]] broadband variant of Ethernet was standardized by 1985, but was not commercially successful.<ref>{{cite web |title= 802.3b-1985 – Supplement to 802.3: Broadband Medium Attachment Unit and Broadband Medium Specifications, Type 10BROAD36 (Section 11) |year= 1985 |publisher= [[IEEE Standards Association]] |url= http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/802.3b-1985.html |access-date= July 12, 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120225203804/http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/802.3b-1985.html |archive-date= February 25, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Broadband user share pains, gains |author= Paula Musich |pages= 1, 8 |work= Network World |date= July 20, 1987 |quote= Broadband networks employ frequency-division multiplexing to divide coaxial cable into separate channels, each of which serves as an individual local network. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gxwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8 |access-date= July 14, 2011 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120225203807/http://books.google.com/books?id=gxwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8 |archive-date= February 25, 2012 }}</ref>

The [[DOCSIS]] standard became available to consumers in the late 1990s, to provide [[Internet access]] to cable television residential customers. Matters were further confused by the fact that the [[10PASS-TS]] standard for Ethernet ratified in 2008 used DSL technology, and both cable and DSL modems often have Ethernet connectors on them.

===TV and video===
A [[television]] antenna may be described as "broadband" because it is capable of receiving a wide range of channels, while e.g. a low-VHF antenna is "narrowband" since it receives only 1 to 5 channels. The U.S. federal standard FS-1037C defines "broadband" as a synonym for [[wideband]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Definition: broadband |website= Federal Standard 1037C, Glossary of Telecommunication Terms |year= 1996 |url= http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-005/_0722.htm |access-date= July 19, 2011 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120505172629/http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-005/_0722.htm |archive-date= May 5, 2012 }}</ref> "Broadband" in [[Analog signal|analog]] [[video]] distribution is traditionally used to refer to systems such as [[cable television]], where the individual channels are [[modulation|modulated]] on carriers at fixed frequencies.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljySKDNHiP4C&q=%22broadband+video%22+cable+tv&pg=PA349|title=HTI+ Home Technology Integration and CEDIA Installer I All-in-One Exam Guide|isbn=9780072231328|last1=Gilster|first1=Ron|last2=Heneveld|first2=Helen|date=2004-06-22|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional |access-date=2020-11-09|archive-date=2023-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628171647/https://books.google.com/books?id=ljySKDNHiP4C&q=%22broadband+video%22+cable+tv&pg=PA349|url-status=live}}</ref> In this context, [[baseband]] is the term's [[antonym]], referring to a single channel of analog video, typically in [[Composite video|composite]] form with separate baseband [[Sound recording and reproduction|audio]].<ref name="cablinginstall.com">{{cite web|last1=Baxter|first1=Les A.|last2=Georger|first2=William H.|title=Transmitting video over structured cabling systems|url=http://www.cablinginstall.com/articles/print/volume-3/issue-8/contents/standards/transmitting-video-over-structured-cabling-systems.html|website=www.cablinginstall.com|publisher=AT&T Bell Laboratories|access-date=April 16, 2017|date=August 1, 1995|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929135815/http://www.cablinginstall.com/articles/print/volume-3/issue-8/contents/standards/transmitting-video-over-structured-cabling-systems.html|archive-date=September 29, 2015}}</ref> The act of demodulating converts broadband video to baseband video. Fiber optic allows the signal to be transmitted farther without being repeated. Cable companies use a hybrid system using fiber to transmit the signal to neighborhoods and then changes the signal from light to radio frequency to be transmitted over coaxial cable to homes. Doing so reduces the use of having multiple head ends. A [[Cable television headend|head end]] gathers all the information from the local cable networks and movie channels and then feeds the information into the system.

However, "broadband video" in the context of [[Streaming media|streaming]] Internet video has come to mean video files that have [[bit rate#Bit-rates in multimedia|bit-rates]] high enough to require broadband Internet access for viewing. "Broadband video" is also sometimes used to describe [[IPTV]] [[Video on demand]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Mark Sweney |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/feb/07/bt.digitaltvradio |title=BT Vision boasts 150,000 customers &#124; Media |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2008-02-07 |access-date=2016-06-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129102553/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/feb/07/bt.digitaltvradio |archive-date=2017-01-29}}</ref>

===Alternative technologies===
[[Power line communication|Power lines]] have also been used for various types of [[data communication]]. Although some systems for remote control are based on [[narrowband]] signaling, modern high-speed systems use broadband signaling to achieve very high data rates. One example is the [[ITU-T]] [[G.hn]] standard, which provides a way to create a [[local area network]] up to 1 Gigabit/s (which is considered high-speed as of 2014) using existing home business and home wiring (including power lines, but also phone lines and [[Ethernet over coax|coaxial cables]]).

In 2014, researchers at [[Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology]] made developments on the creation of ultra-shallow broadband [[optical instruments]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phys.org/news/2014-12-broadband-ultrathin-polarization.html |title=Broadband and ultrathin polarization manipulators developed |publisher=Phys.org |date=2014-12-04 |access-date=2016-06-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515051917/http://phys.org/news/2014-12-broadband-ultrathin-polarization.html |archive-date=2016-05-15 }}</ref>