Editing Caesaraugusta (section)

== 1st century A.D. ==
During this period, the new Colonia inmune experienced significant economic growth, judging by the volume of coinage minted and the scale of the public works carried out, which, at a good pace, ended up giving the Caesaraugustean city the physiognomy of a large city.

The entire bank of the Ebro was terraced at this time to prevent flooding up to a level equal to the current level of the [[Plaza of Our Lady of the Pillar|Plaza del Pilar]]. The scope of these works solved for the future the risk of flooding of the Ebro, and Zaragoza benefited from it until today. The area around the city was also extensively cleared in order to develop agricultural land to supply the colony.
[[File:Zaragoza - Museo Puerto Fluvial - Escaleras.jpg|thumb|267x267px|Remains of the access stairway from the river port to the commercial ''forum''.]]

=== Forum of Tiberius ===
The most outstanding work in the time of [[Tiberius]] (14 A.D. - 37) was the remodeling of the ''forum'', which was enlarged by designing a large rectangle of more than 50 meters on the western side, which housed tents built with [[ashlar]] masonry and provided with a basement. Its entire perimeter housed a double interior ''portico'' that may have been closed to the south with a large imperial temple with a double colonnade [[peristyle]], although the configuration of the south side and presence of the temple is still conjectural. It was paved with limestone slabs and built with various techniques of rigging: ''[[opus vittatum]]'', ''[[opus africanum]]'' and [[Roman concrete|''opus caementicium'']] or [[Roman concrete]].

The ''forum'' of Tiberius housed, in addition to the temple, other buildings and monuments of representative and institutional character. Traces of the ''[[curia]]'' building and pedestals supporting an iconographic sculptural program dedicated to Augustus, his family and his successors have been traced. Near the maximum sewer that runs under the forum was found a statue of a boy from the time of [[Nero]] or [[Domitian]], whom it could represent.<ref name=":0" />

On the other hand, there is a cereal storage area to the north of the forum, which was accessed from the river port by means of a monumental staircase with a triple-passage door. The remains of this stairway can be seen in the [[Caesaragusta River Port Museum]].

Finally, in the excavations of the [[Museo Goya - Colección Ibercaja - Museo Camón Aznar|''Palacio de los Pardo'']], current site of the [[Museo Goya - Colección Ibercaja - Museo Camón Aznar|Camón Aznar Museum]], remains of a wall were found at the end of the 20th century that would have formed part of a temple or basilica and was perhaps the most relevant building of a forensic complex of a religious nature, and not commercial as would be that of the [[Plaza of Our Lady of the Pillar|Plaza de las Catedrales]]. According to another theory of the location of the cardo, it could start from this forum and not need the [[Setback (architecture)|setback]] that would lead to the door Cinegia from the street of Don Jaime I (also called San Gil), depending on the hypothesis and planimetry proposed by Maria Pilar Galve in 2004.<ref>María Pilar Galve, «Una ciudad consolidada: ''Caesaragusta'' a mediados del siglo I», ''Zaragoza. Visiones de una ciudad'', Zaragoza, Archivo-Biblioteca-Hermeroteca. Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza, 2004. ''Apud'' Fatás (dir.) ''et alii'', ''Guía Histórico-Artística de Zaragoza'', ed. cit. from 2008, pp. 672 and FIG. 21 and bibliography p. 843.</ref>

=== Theater ===
[[File:Teatro Romano Cesaraugusta-vista desde arriba-3.jpg|thumb|370x370px|Theater of Caesaraugusta.]]
{{Main|Roman Theater (Zaragoza)}}
To this period also belongs the major work of the theater, whose construction began at the end of the government of [[Tiberius]] and was completed in the time of [[Claudius]] around 50 A.D. It occupied a site that had been destined for this theatrical infrastructure since the colonial planning of the period of Caesar Augustus.

It was inspired by the model of the [[Theatre of Marcellus]] of [[Rome]]. A concrete structure (''[[Roman concrete|opus caementicium]]'') was used in its construction to raise the grandstand that, in its exterior façade of three floors and twenty-two meters high, was covered with marble slabs or ''[[opus quadratum]]'' ashlars offering a monumental decoration.

It had, however, a singular independent access from the central door of the façade to the orchestra of perpendicular layout to the tables or scena and that ran like an axis through the theater for the use of the authorities, who thus had direct access to the seats reserved for them in the orchestral semicircle. This exclusive access can also be seen in the theaters of [[Turin]] or [[Minturno]] —although it is unique among those of [[Roman Hispania]]— and may be due to the variety of shows, not only dramatic, but perhaps also [[Gladiator|gladiatorial]], which would be held there.

It is one of the largest theaters in [[Hispania]], with a surface area of 7,000 square meters (106 m in diameter) and a capacity for approximately 6,000 spectators.

=== Other public works: temples and baths ===
[[File:Agrippa Caesaraugusta.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Coin minted in Caesaraugusta under the rule of Emperor [[Caligula]]. The obverse shows a commemorative portrait of [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|General Agrippa]]; the reverse represents the founding ritual of the colony. The inscription C-CA alludes to the [[Mint (facility)|mint]] of Caesaraugusta, and the legend SCIPIONE-ET-MONTANO (Scipio and Montano) gives an account of the two [[Duumviri|duumvirs]] who ruled as local consuls A.D. 38/39.]]
At the end of the 1980s, in the course of the remodeling works of the [[Plaza of Our Lady of the Pillar|''Plaza del Pilar'']], the foundations and part of the ''[[podium]]'' of a Capitoline temple appeared, located where today is the subway parking lot of the square, quite far from the only known forum, together with the fact that it has an E-W axis orientation (entrance from the east), suggesting the existence of two connected forums.

Apart from this finding, the appearance of the temples can be documented through the coins issued in Zaragoza. In a ''[[dupondius]]'' of the year 28 is represented a temple of [[hexastyle]] type that was accessed through three steps, with columns of attic type and a simple pediment decorated geometrically with inscribed triangles that was dedicated to the ''[[pietas augusti]]''. Later, in an [[As (Roman coin)|as]] of the year 33 appears another [[Portico|tetrastyle]] temple of [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] [[Column|columns]] with [[Fluting (architecture)|fluting]].

In the final [[Julio-Claudian dynasty|Julio-Claudian]] stage, which includes the governments of [[Caligula]], [[Claudius]] and [[Nero]], numerous public works were also carried out, which ended up giving the city its definitive appearance in its ancient classical stage. Basically, empty plots of land were filled in, and landscaped spaces and other important infrastructures were built, such as the [[Public baths cesaraugusta|public baths]] that appeared on San Juan and San Pedro Street, which have now been converted into a [[Museo de las Termas Públicas|museum space]].

Of these public baths, a swimming pool or ''[[natatio]]'' is preserved in good condition, surrounded by columns following examples of [[Roman Empire|Roman]] representation. It would be a bathing facility arranged in consecutive axis, following the sequence ''natatio, frigidaria, tepidaria'' and ''caldaria''. The interior was decorated with marble slabs on the floors and walls, with the addition of floral ornamentation in the Julio-Claudian tradition. There were more public baths, and numerous private baths in private homes. Among the first are those found in the square of the cathedrals, from the time of [[Nero]] or [[Vespasian]].

=== Ceramics ===
In terms of material culture, in the second half of the first century A.D. there was a greater presence of Hispanic ceramics, found in the various dwellings excavated in [[Zaragoza|Saragossa]]. Likewise, the appearance of ceramics from North Africa is documented and, in glazed ceramics, the colony continues to be nourished by production centers in the north of the Italic peninsula.

The presence for the first time of pottery for everyday use from pottery workshops in Zaragoza, located in Calle Predicadores, from the middle of the first century AD, is very significant.<gallery mode="packed-overlay" widths="160" caption="Ceramics in the Museum">
File:Museo del Foro de Caesaragusta en Zaragoza 26.jpg|Remains of Roman pottery
File:Museo del Foro de Caesaragusta en Zaragoza 14.jpg|Set of different Roman ceramics
File:Museo del Foro de Caesaragusta en Zaragoza 34.jpg|Remains of Roman pottery
File:Museo del Foro de Caesaragusta en Zaragoza 29.jpg|Remains of Roman pottery
</gallery>

=== Late 1st century A.D. ===
With the [[Flavian dynasty]], the communication routes with the surroundings of Caesaraugusta were strengthened, as evidenced by a milestone located on the road to [[Bilbilis (Augusta Bilbilis)|Bílbilis]]. New plots of land were inhabited in the city, such as the one at 6 Torrenueva Street. In addition, remains of boulder walls have been found outside the perimeter traditionally considered urbanized in 6 Palomeque Street, of a house in Heroísmo Street, next to the remains of an urban road, and of a ''[[nymphaeum]]'' in 4 Doctor Palomar Street with a pond, a fountain and mural paintings. Major renovations were also undertaken in the theater.