Editing Cardiff Castle (section)

===19th century===
{{Main|Work of William Burges at Cardiff Castle}}
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| footer = The main lodgings seen from the gardens (l) and from outside the castle (r)
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In 1814 Bute's grandson, [[John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute|John]], inherited his title and the castle. In 1825 the new marquess began a sequence of investments in the [[Cardiff Docks]], an expensive programme of work that would enable Cardiff to become a major coal exporting port.<ref>{{harvnb|Cannadine|1994|pp=16, 48}}</ref> Although the docks were not particularly profitable, they transformed the value of the Butes' mining and land interests, making the family immensely wealthy.<ref>{{harvnb|Cannadine|1994|pp=16, 48}}; {{harvnb|Daunton|2008|p=165}}</ref> By 1900, the family estate owned {{convert|22000|acre}} of land in Glamorgan.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/onlinelists/GB%200214%20DA_cld.pdf | title=Glamorgan Estate of Lord Bute collection  | access-date=4 November 2012 | last=Benham| first=Stephen |date=March 2001 | publisher=National Archives| page = 1}}</ref>

The second marquess preferred to live on the [[Isle of Bute]] in Scotland and only used Cardiff Castle occasionally.<ref>{{harvnb|Davies|1981|p=17}}</ref> The castle saw little investment and only four full-time servants were maintained on the premises, meaning that cooked food had to be brought across from the kitchens at a nearby hotel.<ref>{{harvnb|Davies|1981|p=91}}</ref> The castle remained at the centre of the Butes' political power base in Cardiff, however, with their faction sometimes termed "the Castle party".<ref>{{harvnb|Davies|1981|p=51}}</ref> During the violent protests of the [[Merthyr Rising]] of 1831, the marquess based himself at Cardiff Castle, from which he directed operations and kept [[Whitehall]] informed of the unfolding events.<ref>{{harvnb|Davies|1981|pp=104–105}}</ref> The governance of the then town of Cardiff was finally reformed by an [[Act of Parliament]] in 1835, introducing a town council and a [[mayor]], severing the link with the castle constable.<ref>{{harvnb|Davies|1981|p=125}}</ref>

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| image1 = Castell Caerdydd Cardiff Castle from the West side 27.JPG
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| caption1 = {{center|The Clock Tower}} 
| image2 = Cardiff Castle - Clock Tower - Mars & Sun (geograph 6687319).jpg
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| caption2 = {{center|Mars and Sol (Sun)}}
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| caption3 = {{center|Luna (Moon)}}
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| caption4 = {{center|Venus and Mercury}}
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[[John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute|John, 3rd Marquess of Bute]], inherited the title and castle in 1848.<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|p=57}}</ref> He was then less than a year old, and as he grew up he came to despise the existing castle, believing that it represented a mediocre, half-hearted example of the Gothic style.<ref>{{harvnb|Newman|1995|p=198}}</ref> The young Lord Bute engaged the architect [[William Burges]] to undertake the remodelling of the castle. The two shared a passion in medieval [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revivalism]] and this, combined with Bute's huge financial resources, enabled Burges to rebuild the property on a grand scale. Burges brought with him almost of all of the team that had supported him on earlier projects, including [[John Starling Chapple]], [[William Frame]] and [[Horatio Walter Lonsdale|Horatio Lonsdale]].<ref name="harvnb|Newman|pp=202–8">{{harvnb|Newman|1995|pp=202–208}}</ref> Burges's contribution, in particular his research into the history of the castle and his architectural imagination, was critical to the transformation.<ref>{{harvnb|Newman|1995|p=194}}</ref>

[[File:Clock Tower Smoking Room.jpg|thumb|The smoking room of the clock tower]]

Work began on Lord Bute's coming of age in 1868 with the construction of the {{convert|132|ft|adj=on}} high Clock Tower.<ref name="harvnb|Girouard|p=275">{{harvnb|Girouard|1979|p=275}}</ref><ref name="Tower">{{cite news|title=Cardiff Castle’s extraordinary Clock Tower must surely be one of the city’s most iconic landmarks.|url=https://www.cardiffcastle.com/buildings/clock-tower/|website=cardiffcastle.com|access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The tower, built in Burges's signature [[Forest of Dean]] [[ashlar]] stone, formed a suite of bachelor's rooms, comprising a bedroom, a servant's room and the Summer and Winter smoking rooms.<ref name="harvnb|Girouard|p=275"/> Externally, the tower was a re-working of a design Burges had previously used in an unsuccessful competition entry for the [[Royal Courts of Justice]] in London. The tower contains 7 ornate statues standing {{convert|9|ft|adj=on}} tall and carved in stone representing Mercury, Luna (moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Venus and Sol (sun).<ref name="statues">{{cite news|title=Castle clock statues preserved|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/3839251.stm |work=[[BBC]] |date=25 June 2004|access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The statues were created by [[Thomas Nicholls, sculptor|Thomas Nicholls]] and he began carving them in 1869, and they were painted for the first time in 1873.<ref name="statues"/> Internally, the rooms were sumptuously decorated with gildings, carvings and cartoons, many allegorical in style, depicting the seasons, myths and fables.<ref>{{harvnb|Newman|1995|p=204}}</ref> In his ''A History of the Gothic Revival'', written as the tower was being built, [[Charles Eastlake|Charles Locke Eastlake]] wrote of Burges's "peculiar talents (and) luxuriant fancy."{{sfn|Eastlake|2012|p=355}} The Summer Smoking Room rested at the top of the structure and was two storeys high with an internal balcony that, through an unbroken band of windows, gave views of the Cardiff Docks, the [[Bristol Channel]], and the Glamorgan countryside. The floor had a map of the world in mosaic. The sculpture was also created by Thomas Nicholls.<ref>{{harvnb|Girouard|1979|p=279}}</ref>
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| footer = Banqueting room (l) and detail (r)
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As the rest of the castle was developed, work progressed along the rest of the 18th century range including the construction of the Guest Tower, the Arab Room, the Chaucer Room, the Nursery, the Library, the Banqueting Hall and bedrooms for both Lord and Lady Bute.<ref name="harvnb|Newman|pp=202–8"/> In plan, the new castle followed the arrangement of a standard Victorian country house quite closely. The Bute Tower included Lord Bute's bedroom and ended in another highlight, the Roof Garden, featuring a sculpture of the [[Madonna (art)|Madonna and child]] by [[Ceccardo Egidio Fucigna|Ceccardo Fucigna]].  Bute's bedroom contained extensive religious iconography and an en-suite bathroom. The Octagon Tower followed, including an oratory, built on the spot where Bute's father died, and the Chaucer Room, the roof of which is considered by historian Mark Girouard to be a "superb example of Burges's genius".<ref name="harvnb|Girouard|p=287">{{harvnb|Girouard|1979|p=287}}</ref>

[[File:ArabRoom.jpg|left|thumb|The Arab Room ceiling]]

The central part of the castle comprised a two-storey banqueting hall, with the library below. Both are enormous, the latter to hold part of the bibliophile marquess's vast library. Both included elaborate carvings and fireplaces, those in the banqueting hall depicting the castle itself in the time of Robert, Duke of Normandy.<ref>{{harvnb|Girouard|1979|p=288}}</ref> The decoration here is less impressive than elsewhere in the castle, as much of it was completed after Burges's death by Lonsdale, a less talented painter.<ref name="harvnb|Girouard|p=287"/> The Arab Room in the Herbert Tower remains however one of Burges's masterpieces.  Its jelly mould ceiling in a Moorish style is particularly notable.  It was this room on which Burges was working when he died and Bute placed Burges's initials, and his own, and the date 1881 in the fireplace as a memorial.<ref>{{harvnb|Girouard|1979|p=290}}</ref> The central portion of the castle also included the Grand Staircase, recorded in a watercolour perspective prepared by [[Axel Haig]].<ref>{{harvnb|Crook|Lennox-Boyd|1984|p=9, illustrations}}; {{harvnb|Newman|1995|p=202}}</ref>

Burges's interiors at Cardiff Castle have been widely praised. The historian Megan Aldrich considers them amongst "the most magnificent that the gothic revival ever achieved", [[J. Mordaunt Crook]] has described them as "three dimensional passports to fairy kingdoms and realms of gold", and [[John Newman (architectural historian)|John Newman]] praises them as "most successful of all the fantasy castles of the nineteenth century."<ref>{{harvnb|Newman|1995|p=194}}; {{harvnb|Crook|1981|pp=277–278}}; {{harvnb|Aldrich|1994|pp=93, 211}}</ref> The exterior of the castle, however, has received a more mixed reception from critics. Crook admires the variegated and romantic silhouette of the building, but architect John Grant considered them to present a "picturesque if not happy combination" of varying historical styles, and Adrian Pettifer criticises them as "incongruous" and excessively Gothic in style.<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|1923|p=10}}; {{harvnb|Pettifer|2000|p=90}}; {{harvnb|Crook|1981|p=279}}</ref>

Work was also carried out on the castle grounds, the interior being flattened further, destroying much of the medieval and Roman archaeological remains.<ref>{{harvnb|Webster|1981|p=211}}</ref> In 1889, Lord Bute's building works uncovered the remains of the old Roman fort for the first time since the 11th century, leading to archaeological investigations being carried out in 1890.<ref name="Grant 1923 13"/> New walls in a Roman style were built by [[William Frame]] on the foundations of the originals, complete with a reconstructed Roman North Gate, and the outer medieval bank was stripped away around the new walls.<ref name=CofleinP4>{{cite web | url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/pdf/CPG211/ | title=Cardiff Castle and Bute Park | access-date=4 November 2012 | author=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales | publisher=Coflein | page=4 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221215132/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/pdf/CPG211/ | archive-date=21 February 2014 }}</ref>

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| caption1 = The Animal Wall in front of Cardiff Castle ({{Circa|1890}})
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| caption2 = The Animal Wall on Castle Street in Bute Park
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The grounds were extensively planted with trees and shrubs, including over the motte.<ref name=CofleinP3/> From the late 18th century until the 1850s the castle grounds were completely open to the public, but restrictions were imposed in 1858 and as a replacement the 434 acres of land to the west and north of the castle was turned into [[Bute Park]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/onlinelists/GB%200214%20DA_cld.pdf | title=Glamorgan Estate of Lord Bute collection | access-date=4 November 2012 | last=Benham | first=Stephen | date=March 2001 | publisher=National Archives | page=2 }}; {{cite web | url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/pdf/CPG211/ | title=Cardiff Castle and Bute Park | access-date=4 November 2012 | author=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales | publisher=Coflein | pages=3–4 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221215132/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/pdf/CPG211/ | archive-date=21 February 2014 }}</ref> From 1868, the castle grounds were closed to the public altogether.<ref name=CofleinP4/> [[Cardiff Castle Stables|Stables]] were built just to the north of the castle, but only half were completed during the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/pdf/CPG211/ | title=Cardiff Castle and Bute Park | access-date=4 November 2012 | author=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales | publisher=Coflein | pages=2–3 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221215132/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/pdf/CPG211/ | archive-date=21 February 2014 }}</ref> The [[Animal Wall]] was built along the south side of the castle, decorated with statues of animals, and the [[Swiss Bridge at Cardiff Castle|Swiss Bridge]] – a combination of summerhouse and river-crossing – was erected over the river by the West Gate.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/pdf/CPG211/ | title=Cardiff Castle and Bute Park | access-date=4 November 2012 | author=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales | publisher=Coflein | pages=5–6 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221215132/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/pdf/CPG211/ | archive-date=21 February 2014 }}</ref> Cathays Park was built on the east side of the castle, but was sold to the city of Cardiff in 1898.<ref name=CofleinP5>{{cite web | url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/pdf/CPG211/ | title=Cardiff Castle and Bute Park | access-date=4 November 2012 | author=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales | publisher=Coflein | page=5 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221215132/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/pdf/CPG211/ | archive-date=21 February 2014 }}</ref>