Editing Caron (section)

===In Uralic languages===
In the [[Finnic languages]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]] (and transcriptions to [[Finnish language|Finnish]]) uses Š/š and Ž/ž, and [[Karelian language|Karelian]] uses Č/č, Š/š and Ž/ž. Dž is not a separate letter. Č is present because it may be phonemically [[gemination|geminate]]: in Karelian, the phoneme 'čč' is found, and is distinct from 'č', which is not the case in Finnish or Estonian, for which only one length is recognized for 'tš'. (Incidentally, in transcriptions, Finnish orthography has to employ complicated notations like {{lang|fi|mettšä}} or even the {{lang|fi|mettshä}} to express Karelian {{lang|krl|meččä}}.) On some Finnish keyboards, it is possible to write those letters by typing ''s'' or ''z'' while holding right [[Alt key]] or [[AltGr key]], though that is not supported by the Microsoft Windows keyboard device driver KBDFI.DLL for the Finnish language. The Finnish multilingual keyboard layout allows typing the letters [[Š|Š/š]] and [[Ž|Ž/ž]] by pressing AltGr+'+S for [[š]] and AltGr+'+Z for [[ž]].

In Estonian, Finnish and Karelian these are ''not'' [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalized]] but postalveolar consonants. For example, Estonian {{lang|et|Nissi}} (palatalized) is distinct from {{lang|et|nišši}} (postalveolar). [[Palatalization (sound change)|Palatalization]] is typically ignored in spelling, but some Karelian and Võro orthographies use an [[apostrophe]] (') or an acute accent (´). In Finnish and Estonian, ''š'' and ''ž'' (and in Estonian, very rarely ''č'') appear in loanwords and foreign [[Noun|proper names]] only and when not available, they can be substituted with 'h': 'sh' for 'š', in print.

In the orthographies of the [[Sami languages]], the letters Č/č, Š/š and Ž/ž appear in [[Northern Sami]], [[Inari Sámi language|Inari Sami]] and [[Skolt Sami language|Skolt Sami]]. Skolt Sami also uses three other consonants with the caron: Ǯ/ǯ ([[ezh]]-caron) to mark the voiced postalveolar affricate {{IPA|[dʒ]}} (plain Ʒ/ʒ marks the alveolar affricate {{IPA|[dz]}}), Ǧ/ǧ to mark the voiced palatal affricate {{IPA|[ɟʝ]}} and Ǩ/ǩ the corresponding voiceless palatal affricate {{IPA|[cç]}}. More often than not, they are geminated: ''vuäǯǯad'' "to get". The orthographies of the more southern Sami languages of Sweden and Norway such as [[Lule Sami]] do not use caron, and prefer instead the [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] ''tj'' and ''sj''.

==== Finno-Ugric transcription ====
Most other Uralic languages (including [[Kildin Sami]]) are normally written with [[Cyrillic]] instead of the Latin script. In their scientific [[Phonetic transcription|transcription]], the [[Finno-Ugric Transcription]] / [[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]] however employs the letters ''š'', ''ž'' and occasionally ''č'', ''ǯ'' (alternately ''tš'', ''dž'') for the postalveolar consonants. These serve as basic letters, and with further diacritics are used to transcribe also other fricative and affricate sounds. [[Retroflex consonant]]s are marked by a caron and an [[underdot]] (''ṣ̌'', ''ẓ̌'' = IPA {{IPA|[ʂ]}}, {{IPA|[ʐ]}}), [[alveolo-palatal]] (palatalized postalveolar) consonants by a caron and an [[acute accent|acute]] (''š́'', ''ž́'' = IPA {{IPA|[ɕ]}}, {{IPA|[ʑ]}}). Thus, for example, the postalveolar consonants of the [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] language, normally written as Ж/ж, Ӝ/ӝ, Ӵ/ӵ, Ш/ш are in Uralic studies normally transcribed as ''ž'', ''ǯ'', ''č'', ''š'' respectively, and the alveolo-palatal consonants normally written as Зь/зь, Ӟ/ӟ, Сь/сь, Ч/ч are normally transcribed as ''ž́'', ''ǯ́'', ''š́'', ''č́'' respectively.<ref>{{cite book|first=Karoly|last=Rédei|chapter=A votják nyelvjárások fonematikus átírása|pages=88–91|title=FU-transcription yksinkertaistaminen|editor1-first=Lauri|editor1-last=Posti|year=1973|location=Helsinki}}</ref>