Editing Cemetery (section)

==Types==
[[Image:Nurmijarvi cemetery.jpg|thumb|A cemetery in [[Nurmijärvi]], Finland]]
[[Image:SovietGravesSaaremaa.JPG|thumb|A Soviet military cemetery on the island of [[Saaremaa]], Estonia.]]
{{multiple image|align=right|image1=Kindrogan family graveyard.JPG|total_width=330|alt1=|caption1=The Laird's traditional Scottish graveyard at Kindrogan House, Strathardle.|image2=Calhan Colorado cemetery by David Shankbone.jpg|alt2=|caption2=The town cemetery on the plains of [[Calhan, Colorado]].}}
[[File:HillendahlGraveHoustonTX.JPG|thumb|The {{convert|1400|sqft|sqm}} plot pictured here has the graves of nineteen members of the Hillendahl family, including one who was interred in 1854, in the [[Spring Branch, Houston|Spring Branch]] area of [[Houston]], Texas, United States. A descendant of the family sold all of the land around the grave site, but refused to move the actual graves.<ref name="SeoulofHouston">Lomax, John Nova. "[http://blogs.houstonpress.com/houstoned/2008/01/the_seoul_of_houston_the_weath.php The Seoul of Houston: The Weather Was Not the Strong Point on Long Point] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829102912/http://blogs.houstonpress.com/houstoned/2008/01/the_seoul_of_houston_the_weath.php |date=2008-08-29 }}." ''[[Houston Press]]''. January 30, 2008.</ref>]]
There are a number of different styles of cemetery in use. Many cemeteries have areas based on different styles, reflecting the diversity of cultural practices around death and how it changes over time.

===Urban===
[[File:Ringkøbing Kirkegård, Ringkøbing, Danmark.jpg|thumb|Avenue with [[Tilia|linden]] in the cemetery by [[Ringkøbing]], Jutland, Denmark.]]
[[File:Hietaniemi Cemetery, Helsinki, Finland 2.jpg|thumb|Graves at the [[Hietaniemi Cemetery]] in [[Helsinki]], Uusimaa, Finland.]]

The urban cemetery is a burial ground located in the interior of a village, town, or city. Early urban cemeteries were churchyards, which filled quickly and exhibited a haphazard placement of burial markers as [[sexton (office)|sexton]]s tried to squeeze new burials into the remaining space. As new burying grounds were established in urban areas to compensate, burial plots were often laid out in a grid to replace the chaotic appearance of the churchyard.{{sfn|Mytum|2004|page=50}} Urban cemeteries developed over time into a more landscaped form as part of civic development of beliefs and institutions that sought to portray the city as civilized and harmonious.{{sfn|Worpole|2003|pages=11–12}}

Urban cemeteries were more sanitary (a place to safely dispose of decomposing corpses) than they were aesthetically pleasing. Corpses were usually buried wrapped in cloth, since coffins, burial vaults, and above-ground crypts inhibited the process of decomposition.{{sfn|Nonini|2014|page=390}} Nonetheless, urban cemeteries which were heavily used were often very unhealthy. [[Receiving vault]]s and crypts often needed to be aired before entering, as decomposing corpses used up so much oxygen that even candles could not remain lit.{{sfn|Flanders|2014|page=220}} The sheer stench from decomposing corpses, even when buried deeply, was overpowering in areas adjacent to the urban cemetery.{{sfn|Carroll|2013|page=362}}{{sfn|Upton|1997|page=131–132}} Decomposition of the human body releases significant pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses which can cause disease and illness, and many urban cemeteries were located without consideration for local groundwater. Modern burials in urban cemeteries also release toxic chemicals associated with embalming, such as arsenic, [[formaldehyde]], and mercury. Coffins and burial equipment can also release significant amounts of toxic chemicals such as arsenic (used to preserve coffin wood) and formaldehyde (used in varnishes and as a sealant) and toxic metals such as copper, lead, and zinc (from coffin handles and flanges).{{sfn|Taylor|Allen|2006|pages=342–342}}

Urban cemeteries relied heavily on the fact that the soft parts of the body would decompose in about 25 years (although, in moist soil, decomposition can take up to 70 years).{{sfn|Meuser|2010|page=137}} If room for new burials was needed, older bones could be dug up and interred elsewhere (such as in an ossuary) to make space for new interments.{{sfn|Nonini|2014|page=390}} It was not uncommon in some places, such as England, for fresher corpses to be chopped up to aid decomposition, and for bones to be burned to create fertilizer.{{sfn|Flanders|2014|pages=219–221}} The re-use of graves allowed for a steady stream of income, which enabled the cemetery to remain well-maintained and in good repair.{{sfn|Worpole|2003|page=8}} Not all urban cemeteries engaged in re-use of graves, and cultural taboos often prevented it. Many urban cemeteries have fallen into disrepair and become overgrown, as they lacked endowments to fund perpetual care. Many urban cemeteries today are thus home to wildlife, birds, and plants which cannot be found anywhere else in the urban area, and many urban cemeteries in the late 20th century touted their role as an environmental refuge.{{sfn|Worpole|2003|page=173}}{{sfn|Forman|2014|pages=357–358}}

Many urban cemeteries are characterized by multiple burials in the same grave. Multiple burials is a consequence of the limited size of the urban cemetery, which cannot easily expand due to adjacent building development. It was not uncommon for an urban cemetery to begin adding soil to the top of the cemetery to create new burial space.

===Monumental===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}

[[File:Genova-Staglieno-IMG 2049.JPG|thumb|left|Monument of {{Circa|1910}} in the [[Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno]] in [[Genoa]], Italy, one of the most spectacular of a number of Italian cemeteries featuring large-scale sculpture.]]
[[File:Victor Brecheret - Túmulo de Olívia Guedes Penteado.JPG|thumb|left|An artwork in a tomb by [[Victor Brecheret]] in [[Cemitério da Consolação]], an example of monumental cemetery in [[São Paulo]], Brazil.]]
[[File:Buenos Aires - Cementerio de la Recoleta - 20090104-12.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum of Argentine Nobel Prize laureate [[Luis Federico Leloir]] in [[La Recoleta Cemetery]] in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]]]
A ''monumental cemetery'' is the traditional style of cemetery where headstones or other monuments made of [[marble]], [[granite]] or similar materials rise vertically above the ground (typically around 50&nbsp;cm but some can be over 2 metres high). Often the entire grave is covered by a slab, commonly [[concrete]], but it can be more expensive materials such as [[marble]] or [[granite]], and/or has its boundaries delimited by a fence which may be made of [[concrete]], [[cast iron]] or [[timber]]. Where a number of family members are buried together (either vertically or horizontally), the slab or boundaries may encompass a number of graves.

Monumental cemeteries are often regarded as unsightly due to the random collection of monuments and headstones they contain. Also, as maintenance of the headstones is the responsibility of family members (in the absence of a proscribed Perpetual Care and Maintenance Fund), over time many headstones are forgotten about and decay and become damaged. For cemetery authorities, monumental cemeteries are difficult to maintain. While cemeteries often have grassed areas between graves, the layout of graves makes it difficult to use modern equipment such as ride-on lawn mowers in the cemetery. Often the maintenance of grass must be done by more labour-intensive (and therefore expensive) methods. In order to reduce the labour cost, devices such as [[string trimmer]]s are increasingly used in cemetery maintenance,{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} but such devices can damage the monuments and headstones. Cemetery authorities dislike the criticism they receive for the deteriorating condition of the headstones, arguing that they have no responsibility for the upkeep of headstones, and typically disregard their own maintenance practices as being one of the causes of that deterioration. {{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

===Rural or garden===
[[File:Muslim cemetery. Kashgar.jpg|thumb|A Muslim cemetery in [[Kashgar]], Xinjiang, China.]]
[[File:Newport Cemetery.JPG|thumb|[[Common Burying Ground and Island Cemetery]] in [[Newport, Rhode Island]]]]
[[File:MD.BOUALAM photographer a muslim cemetery at sunset Marrakesh.jpg|thumb|A Muslim cemetery at sunset in [[Marrakech]], Morocco]]
[[File:Taiwan 2009 HuaLien City Roadside Cemetery FRD 8181.jpg|thumb|A roadside cemetery in [[Hualien City|Hualien]], Taiwan]]
[[Image:Grave stone2.JPG|thumb|A cemetery in [[Kyoto]], Japan]]
[[Image:Colonial era graves Pemaquid Cemetery, Pemaquid, Maine image 4.jpg|thumb|Two [[Colonial history of the United States|Colonial era]] graves in [[Pemaquid, Maine]]]]
[[Image:Khachkars.jpg|thumb|[[Noratus cemetery]], a medieval [[Armenia]]n cemetery with a large number of early [[khachkar]]s. The cemetery has the largest cluster of khachkars in the country.]]

{{Main|Rural cemetery}}
The rural cemetery or garden cemetery{{sfn|Keels|2003|page=21}} is a style of burial ground that uses landscaping in a park-like setting. It was conceived in 1711 by the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[architecture|architect]] Sir [[Christopher Wren]], who advocated the creation of landscaped burial grounds which featured well-planned walkways which gave extensive access to graves and planned plantings of trees, bushes, and flowers.<ref>{{cite journal|last=van Rensslaer|first=M. G.|journal=Sir Christopher Wren as Gardener|title=Garden and Forest|date=June 3, 1891|pages=254–255|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBggAQAAMAAJ&q=Christopher+Wren+cemetery+rural+Yew+trees&pg=PA254}}</ref> Wren's idea was not immediately accepted. But by the early 1800s, existing churchyards were growing overcrowded and unhealthy, with graves stacked upon each other or emptied and reused for new burials.{{sfn|LeeDecker|2009|pages=145, 148}} As a reaction to this, the first "garden" cemetery&nbsp;– [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]] in [[Paris]]&nbsp;– opened in 1804.{{sfn|Thomas|2003|page=32}} Because these cemeteries were usually on the outskirts of town (where land was plentiful and cheap), they were called "[[rural cemetery|rural cemeteries]]", a term still used to describe them today.{{sfn|LeeDecker|2009|pages=145, 148}} The concept quickly spread across Europe.{{sfn|Mickey|2013|page=17}}

[[File:Merry Cemetery VP8.webm|thumb|[[Merry Cemetery]], Romania]]
Garden/rural cemeteries were not necessarily outside city limits. When land within a city could be found, the cemetery was enclosed with a wall to give it a garden-like quality. These cemeteries were often not sectarian, nor co-located with a house of worship. Inspired by the [[English landscape garden]] movement,{{sfn|Vercelloni|Vercelloni|2010|page=198}} they often looked like attractive parks. The first garden/rural cemetery in the United States was [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]] near [[Boston]], Massachusetts, founded by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1831.{{sfn|Hodgson|2001|page=30}} Following the establishment of Mount Auburn, dozens of other "rural" cemeteries were established in the United States&nbsp;– perhaps in part because of Supreme Court Justice [[Joseph Story]]'s dedication address&nbsp;– and there were dozens of dedication addresses,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://blurblawg.typepad.com/files/road-to-gettysburg-address.pdf|first=Alfred|last=Brophy|title=The Road to the Gettysburg Address|journal=Florida State University Law Review|volume=43|date=2016|pages=831–905|access-date=December 21, 2016|archive-date=November 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124025412/http://blurblawg.typepad.com/files/road-to-gettysburg-address.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> including the famous [[Gettysburg Address]] of President Abraham Lincoln.

The cost of building a garden/rural cemetery often meant that only the wealthy could afford burial there.{{sfn|Harney|2014|page=102}} Subsequently, garden/rural cemeteries often feature above-ground monuments and memorials, [[mausoleum]]s, and [[Columbarium|columbaria]]. The excessive filling of rural/garden cemeteries with elaborate above-ground memorials, many of dubious artistic quality or taste, created a backlash which led to the development of the lawn cemetery.{{sfn|Mytum|2004|page=51}}

{{anchor|lawn cemetery}}

===Lawn cemetery===
In a review of British burial and death practises, Julie Rugg wrote that there were "four closely interlinked factors that explain the 'invention' and widespread adoption of the lawn cemetery: the deterioration of the Victorian cemetery; a self-conscious rejection of Victorian aesthetics in favour of modern alternatives; resource difficulties that, particularly after World War II, increasingly constrained what might be achieved in terms of cemetery maintenance; and growing professionalism in the field of cemetery management."<ref name="Rugg2006">{{cite journal|last1=Rugg|first1=Julie|title=Lawn cemeteries: the emergence of a new landscape of death|journal=Urban History|volume=33|issue=2|year=2006|pages=213–233|issn=0963-9268|doi=10.1017/S0963926806003786|s2cid=145306627}}</ref>

Typically, lawn cemeteries comprise a number of graves in a lawn setting with trees and gardens on the perimeter. [[Adolph Strauch]] introduced this style in 1855 in [[Cincinnati]].<ref>
{{cite book| last = Sears| first = John F.| title = Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zr_D9wJtULQC| access-date = 2013-07-25| year = 1989| publisher = University of Massachusetts Press| isbn = 978-1558491625| pages = 117–118| quote = First introduced in 1855 by Adolph Strauch, superintendent of the Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati, the park or lawn cemetery featured open, uncluttered expanses of lawn rather than the uneven, wooded, picturesque scenery of the rural cemetery. [...] By the final decades of the nineteenth century, the park cemetery would become the dominant form of American burial ground.}}</ref>
While aesthetic appeal to family members has been the primary driver for the development of lawn cemeteries, cemetery authorities initially welcomed this new style of cemetery enthusiastically, expecting easier maintenance. Selecting (or grading) the land intended for a lawn cemetery so that it is completely flat allows the use of large efficient [[mower]]s (such as ride-on mowers or lawn tractors) - the plaques (being horizontally set in the ground) lie below the level of the blades and are not damaged by the blades. In practice, while families are often initially attracted to the uncluttered appearance of a lawn cemetery, the common practice of placing [[flower]]s (sometimes in [[vase]]s) and increasingly other items (e.g. small [[toy]]s on children's graves) re-introduces some clutter to the cemetery and makes it difficult to use the larger [[mower]]s. While cemetery authorities increasingly impose restrictions on the nature and type of objects that can be placed on lawn graves and actively remove prohibited items, grieving families are often unwilling to comply with these restrictions and become very upset if the items are removed. Another problem with lawn cemeteries involves grass over-growth over time: the [[grass]] can grow over and cover the plaque, to the distress of families who can no longer easily locate the grave. Grasses that propagate by an above-ground [[stolon]] (runner) can cover a plaque very quickly. Grasses that propagate by a below-ground [[rhizome]] tend not to cover the plaque as easily.

[[File:CalvaryCemeteryQueens edit.jpg|thumb|[[Calvary Cemetery (Queens, New York)|Calvary Cemetery, Queens, New York]]]]
[[File:Near Cernavodă, cemetery, Danube (2).jpg|thumb|Overgrown cemetery overlooking the [[Danube]], Romania]]

==== Lawn beam ====
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
The lawn beam cemetery, a recent development, seeks to solve the problems of the lawn cemetery while retaining many of its benefits. Low (10–15&nbsp;cm) raised [[concrete]] slabs (beams) are placed across the cemetery. [[Commemorative plaques]] (usually standardised in terms of size and materials similar to lawn cemeteries) stand on these beams adjacent to each grave. As in a lawn cemetery, [[grass]] grows over the graves themselves. The areas between the beams are wide enough to permit easy mowing with a larger mower. As the mower blades are set lower than the top of the beam and the mowers do not go over the beam, the blades cannot damage the plaques. Up on the beam, the plaques cannot be easily overgrown by grass, and spaces between the plaques permit families to place flowers and other objects out of reach of the mowing.

===Natural===
{{See also|Natural_burial#Environmental_issues_with_conventional_burial|Natural burial|label 1=Environmental impact of conventional burial}}

A ''natural cemetery,'' ''[[eco-cemetery]],'' ''green cemetery'' or ''conservation cemetery'', is a new style of cemetery as an area set aside for [[natural burial]]s (with or without [[coffin]]s). Natural burials are motivated by a desire to be environmentally conscious with the body rapidly decomposing and becoming part of the natural environment without incurring the environmental cost of traditional burials. Certifications may be granted for various levels of green burial. Green burial certifications are issued in a tiered system reflecting level of natural burial practice. Green burial certification standards designate a cemetery as Hybrid, Natural, or Conservation Burial Grounds.

Many scientists have argued that natural burials would be a highly efficient use of land if designed specifically to save endangered habitats, ecosystems and species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Holden|first1=Matthew H.|last2=McDonald-Madden|first2=Eve|title=Conservation from the Grave: Human Burials to Fund the Conservation of Threatened Species|journal=Conservation Letters|volume=11|language=en|doi=10.1111/conl.12421|issn=1755-263X|year=2018|issue=1 |pages=e12421|doi-access=free|bibcode=2018ConL...11E2421H }}</ref>

The opposite has also been proposed. Instead of letting natural burials permanently protect wild landscapes, others have argued that the rapid decomposition of a natural burial, in principle, allows for the quick re-use of grave sites in comparison with conventional burials. However, it is unclear if reusing cemetery land will be culturally acceptable to most people.

In keeping with the intention of "returning to nature" and the early re-use potential, natural cemeteries do not normally have conventional grave markings such as [[headstone]]s. Instead, exact GPS recordings and or the placing of a tree, bush or rock often marks the location of the dead, so grieving family and friends can visit the precise location of a grave.

===Columbarium wall===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}

[[File:Lawnton-columbarium-wall.JPG|thumb|left|A columbarium wall at [[Lawnton, Queensland]], showing empty niches, plaques and flower holders]]
''[[Columbarium]] walls'' are a common feature of many cemeteries, reflecting the increasing use of [[cremation]] rather than [[burial]]. While cremated remains can be kept at home by families in [[urn]]s or scattered in some significant or attractive place, neither of these approaches allows for a long-lasting [[commemorative plaque]] to honour the dead nor provide a place for the wider circle of friends and family to come to [[mourn]] or visit. Therefore, many cemeteries now provide walls (typically of [[brick]] or [[stucco|rendered]] brick construction) with a rectangular array of niches, with each niche being big enough to accommodate a person's cremated remains. Columbarium walls are a very space-efficient use of land in a cemetery compared with burials and a niche in a columbarium wall is a much cheaper alternative to a burial plot. A small plaque (about 15&nbsp;cm x 10&nbsp;cm) can be affixed across the front of each niche and is generally included as part of the price of a niche. As the writing on the plaques has to be fairly small to fit on the small size of the plaque, the design of columbarium walls is constrained by the ability of visitors to read the plaques. Thus, the niches are typically placed between 1 metre to 2 metres above the ground so the plaques can be easily read by an adult. Some columbarium walls have niches going close to ground level, but these niches are usually unpopular with families as it is difficult to read the plaque without bending down very low (something older people in particular find difficult or uncomfortable to do).

As with graves, the niches may be assigned by the cemetery authorities or families may choose from the unoccupied niches available. It is usually possible to purchase (or pay a deposit) to reserve the use of adjacent niches for other family members. The use of adjacent niches (vertically or horizontally) usually permits a larger plaque spanning all the niches involved, which provides more space for the writing. As with graves, there may be separate columbarium walls for different religions or for war veterans. As with lawn cemeteries, the original expectation was that people would prefer the uncluttered simplicity of a wall of plaques, but the practice of leaving [[flower]]s is very entrenched. Mourners leave flowers (and other objects) on top of columbarium walls or at the base, as close as they can to the plaque of their family member. In some cases, it is possible to squeeze a piece of wire or string under the plaque allowing a flower or small posy to be placed on the plaque itself or clips are glued onto the plaque for that purpose. Newer designs of columbarium walls take this desire to leave flowers into account by incorporating a metal clip or loop beside each plaque, typically designed to hold a single flower stem or a small posy. As the flowers decay, they simply fall to the ground and do not create a significant maintenance problem.

===Family===
[[File:Cemetry of Kottakkavu Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Pilgrim Church founded by St. Thomas.jpg|thumb|Family cemeteries in India]]
While uncommon today, family (or private) cemeteries were a matter of practicality during the settlement of America. If a municipal or religious cemetery had not been established, settlers would seek out a small plot of land, often in wooded areas bordering their fields, to begin a family plot. Sometimes, several families would arrange to bury their dead together. While some of these sites later grew into true cemeteries, many were forgotten after a family moved away or died out.

Today, it is not unheard of to discover groupings of tombstones, ranging from a few to a dozen or more, on undeveloped land. As late 20th-century suburban sprawl pressured the pace of development in formerly rural areas, it became increasingly common for larger exurban properties to be encumbered by "religious easements", which are legal requirements for the property owner to permit periodic maintenance of small burial plots located on the property but technically not owned with it. Often, cemeteries are relocated to accommodate building. However, if the cemetery is not relocated, descendants of people buried there may visit the cemetery.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2295&context=lawreview|first=Alfred|last=Brophy|title=Grave Matters: The Ancient Rights of the Graveyard|journal=BYU Law Review|date=2006|volume=2006|issue=6|at=Article 2|access-date=December 21, 2016|archive-date=November 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109123947/http://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2295&context=lawreview|url-status=live}} The "ancient right" of the graveyard is that descendants of those buried on private property have&nbsp;– in many states&nbsp;– an implied easement "in gross" to visit that cemetery. The boundaries of this right, in terms of how frequently descendants (and in a few states other interested people) may visit and for how long, vary by state. In a few southern states, this is provided by legislation; in more states, it is protected by common law decisions. In some states, the right is not yet established by either statute or cases, although it seems likely that in an appropriate challenge most, maybe all, states will recognize at least limited rights of access. See Brophy, ''supra''.</ref>

There is also the practice of families with large estates choosing to create private cemeteries in the form of burial sites, [[monument]]s, [[crypt]]s, or [[mausoleum]]s on their property; the mausoleum at [[Fallingwater]] is an example of this practice. Burial of a body at a site may protect the location from redevelopment, with such estates often being placed in the care of a [[trust law|trust]] or [[foundation (charity)|foundation]]. In the United States, state regulations have made it increasingly difficult, if not impossible, to start private cemeteries; many require a plan to care for the site in perpetuity. Private cemeteries are nearly always forbidden on incorporated residential zones.
Many people will bury a beloved pet on the family property.

===Arabian tribal===
All of the Saudis in [[Al Baha]] are Muslims, and this is reflected in their cemetery and [[funeral]] customs. "The southern tribal hinterland of Baha&nbsp;– home to especially the Al-[[Ghamdi]] and Al-[[Zahran tribe|Zahrani]] tribes&nbsp;– has been renowned for centuries for their tribal [[cemeteries]] that are now slowly vanishing", according to the ''[[Asharq Al-Awsat]]'' newspaper: "One old villager explained how tribal cemeteries came about. 'People used to die in large numbers and very rapidly one after the other because of diseases. So the villagers would dig graves close by burying members of the same family in one area. That was how the family and tribal burial grounds came about... If the family ran out of space, they would open old graves where family members had been buried before and add more people to them.

This process is known as ''khashf''. During famines and outbreaks of epidemics huge numbers of people would die and many tribes faced difficulties in digging new graves because of the difficult weather. In the past, some Arab winters lasted for more than six months and would be accompanied with much rain and fog, impeding movement. But due to tribal rivalries many families would guard their cemeteries and put restrictions on who was buried in them. Across Baha, burial grounds have been constructed in different ways. Some cemeteries consist of underground vaults or concrete burial chambers with the capacity of holding many bodies simultaneously. Such vaults include windows for people to peer through and are usually decorated ornately with text, drawings, and patterns. At least one resident believes that the graves unique in the region because many are not oriented toward [[Mecca]], and therefore must pre-date [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2006-09-09|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/278677|title=Tradition of Family Cemeteries Disappearing From Tribal Areas|work=Arab News|access-date=October 5, 2012|archive-date=October 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026061604/https://www.arabnews.com/node/278677|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Terraced===
Graves are terraced in [[Yagoto Cemetery]], which is an urban cemetery situated in a hilly area in Nagoya, Japan, effectively creating stone walls blanketing hillsides.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://xn--7orpdr10a.tokyo/2017/06/23/a-giant-terraced-cemetery-in-nagoya/|title=名古屋市の霊園 a giant terraced cemetery in Nagoya – 元東京人の名古屋まち歩き|access-date=January 5, 2022|archive-date=January 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105092401/http://xn--7orpdr10a.tokyo/2017/06/23/a-giant-terraced-cemetery-in-nagoya/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Miscellaneous===
The [[Cross Bones]] is a burial ground for prostitutes in London. The [[Neptune Memorial Reef]] is an underwater columbarium near [[Key Biscayne]].<ref>[https://www.nmreef.com/overview/ "About the Reef"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202020106/https://www.nmreef.com/overview/ |date=February 2, 2020 }}. Neptune Memorial Reef.</ref>

=== Online memorials ===
In the 2000s and 2010s, it has become increasingly common for cemeteries and funeral homes to offer online services. There are also stand-alone online "cemeteries" such as [https://discovereverafter.com/ DiscoverEverAfter] [[Find a Grave]], [[Canadian Headstones]], [[Interment.net]], and the [https://cemetery.org World Wide Cemetery].<ref>Lives Lived: Michael Stanley Kibbee, M.Sc., P.Eng. ''The Globe and Mail'', March 20, 1997.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cemetery.org/|title=Internet WayBack Machine (World Wide Cemetery)|access-date=March 14, 2017|archive-date=March 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315001852/http://cemetery.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>