Editing Cisplatin (section)

== History ==
The compound ''cis''-[Pt(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>] was first described by Italian chemist [[Michele Peyrone]] in 1845, and known for a long time as Peyrone's salt.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kauffman GB, Pentimalli R, Hall MD |title=Michele Peyrone (1813–1883), Discoverer of Cisplatin |journal=Platinum Metals Review |date=2010 |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=250–256 |doi=10.1595/147106710X534326 |url=https://technology.matthey.com/article/54/4/250-256 |access-date=3 October 2022 |quote=This biographical article aims to present, for the first time in the English language, a summary of his life and the achievements that he made during his scientific career.|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors= Peyrone M | journal = Ann. Chem. Pharm. | year = 1844 | volume = 51 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–29 | doi = 10.1002/jlac.18440510102 | title = Ueber die Einwirkung des Ammoniaks auf Platinchlorür|trans-title=On the action of ammonia on platinum chloride|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1426984 }}</ref> The structure was deduced by [[Alfred Werner]] in 1893.<ref name = trzaska>{{cite journal | url = http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/8325cisplatin.html | title = Cisplatin | vauthors = Trzaska S | journal= [[Chemical & Engineering News]] | volume = 83 | issue = 25 | date = 20 June 2005| page = 52 | doi = 10.1021/cen-v083n025.p052 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> In 1965, [[Barnett Rosenberg]], Van Camp et al. of [[Michigan State University]] discovered that [[electrolysis]] of platinum electrodes generated a soluble platinum complex which inhibited binary fission in ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' (''E. coli'') bacteria. Although bacterial cell growth continued, cell division was arrested, the bacteria growing as filaments up to 300 times their normal length.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosenberg B, Vancamp L, Krigas T | title = Inhibition of cell division in Escherichia coli by electrolysis products from a platinum electrode | journal = Nature | volume = 205 | issue = 4972 | pages = 698–9 | date = February 1965 | pmid = 14287410 | doi = 10.1038/205698a0 | bibcode = 1965Natur.205..698R | s2cid = 9543916 }}</ref> The octahedral Pt(IV) complex ''cis''-[PtCl<sub>4</sub>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>], but not the ''trans'' isomer, was found to be effective at forcing filamentous growth of ''E. coli'' cells. The square planar Pt(II) complex, ''cis''-[PtCl<sub>2</sub>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>] turned out to be even more effective at forcing filamentous growth.<ref name="pmid5337590">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosenberg B, Van Camp L, Grimley EB, Thomson AJ | title = The inhibition of growth or cell division in Escherichia coli by different ionic species of platinum(IV) complexes | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 242 | issue = 6 | pages = 1347–52 | date = March 1967 | doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)96186-7 | pmid = 5337590 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Christie DA, Tansey EM | veditors = Christie DA, Tansey EM, Thomson AJ | year = 2007 | title = The Discovery, Use and Impact of Platinum Salts as Chemotherapy Agent for Cancer | series = Wellcome Trust Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine | volume = 30| pages = 6–15 | isbn= 978-0-85484-112-7 }}</ref> This finding led to the observation that ''cis''-[PtCl<sub>2</sub>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>] was indeed highly effective at regressing the mass of [[sarcoma]]s in [[rat]]s.<ref name="pmid5782119">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosenberg B, VanCamp L, Trosko JE, Mansour VH | s2cid = 32398470 | title = Platinum compounds: a new class of potent antitumour agents | journal = Nature | volume = 222 | issue = 5191 | pages = 385–6 | date = April 1969 | pmid = 5782119 | doi = 10.1038/222385a0 | bibcode = 1969Natur.222..385R }}</ref> Confirmation of this discovery, and extension of testing to other tumour cell lines launched the medicinal applications of cisplatin.  Cisplatin was approved for use in testicular and ovarian cancers by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on 19 December 1978.<ref name = trzaska/><ref name="isbn0-691-14180-0">{{cite book | vauthors = Carpenter DP | title = Reputation and power: organizational image and pharmaceutical regulation at the FDA | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, NJ | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-691-14180-0  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/onctools/summary.cfm?ID=73 |title=Approval Summary for cisplatin for Metastatic ovarian tumors |access-date=2009-07-15 |date=19 December 1978 |work= FDA Oncology Tools |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|Food and Drug Administration]], Center for Drug Evaluation and Research |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080208232952/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/onctools/summary.cfm?ID=73 |archive-date=8 February 2008 }}</ref> and in the UK (and in several other European countries) in 1979.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wiltshaw E | title = Cisplatin in the treatment of cancer | journal = Platinum Metals Review | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 90–8 | year =1979| doi = 10.1595/003214079X2339098 | s2cid = 267470502 }}</ref> 
Cisplatin was the first to be developed.<ref name=Kelland>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kelland L | title = The resurgence of platinum-based cancer chemotherapy | doi = 10.1038/nrc2167 | journal = Nature Reviews Cancer | volume = 7 | issue = 8 | pages = 573–584 | year = 2007 | pmid =  17625587| s2cid = 205468214 }}</ref> 
In 1983 pediatric oncologist Roger Packer began incorporating cisplatin into adjuvant chemotherapy for the treatment of childhood [[medulloblastoma]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Packer RJ, Sutton LN, Elterman R, Lange B, Goldwein J, Nicholson HS, Mulne L, Boyett J, D'Angio G, Wechsler-Jentzsch K | display-authors = 6 | title = Outcome for children with medulloblastoma treated with radiation and cisplatin, CCNU, and vincristine chemotherapy | journal = Journal of Neurosurgery | volume = 81 | issue = 5 | pages = 690–8 | date = November 1994 | pmid = 7931615 | doi = 10.3171/jns.1994.81.5.0690 }}</ref> The new protocol that he developed led to a marked increase in disease-free survival rates for patients with medulloblastoma, up to around 85%.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Packer RJ, Sutton LN, Goldwein JW, Perilongo G, Bunin G, Ryan J, Cohen BH, D'Angio G, Kramer ED, Zimmerman RA | display-authors = 6 | title = Improved survival with the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of medulloblastoma | journal = Journal of Neurosurgery | volume = 74 | issue = 3 | pages = 433–40 | date = March 1991 | pmid = 1847194 | doi = 10.3171/jns.1991.74.3.0433 }}</ref> The Packer Protocol has since become a standard treatment for medulloblastoma. Likewise, cisplatin has been found to be particularly effective against [[testicular cancer]], where its use improved the cure rate from 10% to 85%.<ref name="Treatment of testicular cancer: a n"/>