Editing Climate model (section)

=== Radiative-convective models ===

[[Water vapor]] is a main determinant of the emissivity of Earth's atmosphere.  It both influences the flows of radiation and is influenced by convective flows of heat in a manner that is consistent with its equilibrium concentration and temperature as a function of elevation (i.e. [[relative humidity]] distribution).  This has been shown by refining the zero dimension model in the vertical to a one-dimensional radiative-convective model which considers two processes of energy transport:<ref name="manwether">{{cite journal |last1=Manabe |first1=Syukuro |author1-link=Syukuro Manabe |last2=Wetherald |first2=Richard T. |title=Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of Relative Humidity |journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=241–259 |date=1 May 1967 |bibcode=1967JAtS...24..241M |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1967)024<0241:TEOTAW>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* upwelling and downwelling radiative transfer through atmospheric layers that both absorb and emit infrared radiation
* upward transport of heat by air and vapor convection, which is especially important in the lower [[troposphere]].

Radiative-convective models have advantages over simpler models and also lay a foundation for more complex models.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2021/manabe/facts/ |title=Syukuro Manabe Facts |website=nobelprize.org |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref>   They can estimate both surface temperature and the temperature variation with elevation in a more realistic manner.  They also simulate the observed decline in upper atmospheric temperature and rise in surface temperature when [[trace gas|trace]] amounts of other non-condensible greenhouse gases such as [[carbon dioxide]] are included.<ref name="manwether" />

Other parameters are sometimes included to simulate localized effects in other dimensions and to address the factors that move energy about Earth.  For example,  the effect of ice-albedo feedback on global [[climate sensitivity]] has been investigated using a one-dimensional radiative-convective climate model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=wa03100m|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730021359/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=wa03100m|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-30|title=Pubs.GISS: Wang and Stone 1980: Effect of ice-albedo feedback on global sensitivity in a one-dimensional...|work=nasa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
  | last = Wang
  | first = W.C.
  | author2 = P.H. Stone
  | title = Effect of ice-albedo feedback on global sensitivity in a one-dimensional radiative-convective climate model
  | journal = J. Atmos. Sci.
  | volume = 37
  | issue = 3
  | pages = 545–52
  | year = 1980
  | doi = 10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<0545:EOIAFO>2.0.CO;2
  | bibcode = 1980JAtS...37..545W
  | doi-access = free
  }}</ref>