Editing Clock (section)

===Fully mechanical===

{{more citations needed section|date=January 2024}}

The word {{lang|el-Latn|horologia}} (from the Greek {{lang|el|ὥρα}}—'hour', and {{lang|el|λέγειν}}—'to tell') was used to describe early mechanical clocks,<ref name=wmsmith1875>{{cite book |last2=Smith |first2=William |title=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities |year=1875 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |pages=615‑617 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Horologium.html |author1=Leonhard Schmitz |access-date=February 19, 2021 |archive-date=July 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703112706/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA%2A/Horologium.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but the use of this word (still used in several [[Romance languages]])<ref>Modern French {{lang|fr|horloge}} is very close; Spanish {{lang|es|reloj}} and Portuguese {{lang|pt|relógio}} drop the first part of the word.</ref> for all timekeepers conceals the true nature of the mechanisms. For example, there is a record that in 1176, [[Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Sens|Sens Cathedral]] in France installed an '[[horologe]]',<ref>''Bulletin de la société archéologique de Sens'', year 1867, vol. IX, p. 390, available at www.archive.org.</ref><ref>See also [[:fr:Discussion:Horloge]]{{Circular reference|date=April 2024}}</ref> but the mechanism used is unknown. According to [[Jocelyn de Brakelond]], in 1198, during a fire at the abbey of St Edmundsbury (now [[Bury St Edmunds]]), the monks "ran to the clock" to fetch water, indicating that their water clock had a reservoir large enough to help extinguish the occasional fire.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond, Monk of St. Edmundsbury: A Picture of Monastic and Social Life on the XIIth Century |year=1910 |location=London |publisher=Chatto and Windus. Translated and edited by L.C. Jane}}</ref> The word ''clock'' (via [[Medieval Latin]] {{lang|la-x-medieval|clocca}} from [[Old Irish]] {{lang|sga|clocc}}, both meaning 'bell'), which gradually supersedes "horologe", suggests that it was the sound of bells that also characterized the prototype mechanical clocks that appeared during the 13th century in Europe.

[[File:Läckö slott interior 27.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A 17th-century weight-driven clock in [[Läckö Castle]], Sweden]]

In Europe, between 1280 and 1320, there was an increase in the number of references to clocks and horologes in church records, and this probably indicates that a new type of clock mechanism had been devised. Existing clock mechanisms that used water power were being adapted to take their driving power from falling weights. This power was controlled by some form of oscillating mechanism, probably derived from existing bell-ringing or alarm devices. This controlled release of power – the escapement – marks the beginning of the true mechanical clock, which differed from the previously mentioned cogwheel clocks. The [[verge escapement]] mechanism appeared during the surge of true mechanical clock development, which did not need any kind of fluid power, like water or mercury, to work.

These mechanical clocks were intended for two main purposes: for signalling and notification (e.g., the timing of services and public events) and for modeling the [[Solar System]]. The former purpose is administrative; the latter arises naturally given the scholarly interests in astronomy, science, and astrology and how these subjects integrated with the religious philosophy of the time. The [[astrolabe]] was used both by astronomers and astrologers, and it was natural to apply a clockwork drive to the rotating plate to produce a working model of the solar system.

Simple clocks intended mainly for notification were installed in towers and did not always require faces or hands. They would have announced the [[canonical hours]] or intervals between set times of prayer. Canonical hours varied in length as the times of sunrise and sunset shifted. The more sophisticated astronomical clocks would have had moving dials or hands and would have shown the time in various time systems, including [[Hour#Counting from sunset|Italian hours]], canonical hours, and time as measured by astronomers at the time. Both styles of clocks started acquiring extravagant features, such as [[automata]].

In 1283, a large clock was installed at [[Dunstable Priory]] in [[Bedfordshire]] in southern England; its location above the [[rood screen]] suggests that it was not a water clock.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.crystalinks.com/clocks.html|title=Clocks{{Snd}} Crystalinks|website=www.crystalinks.com|access-date=2019-06-06|archive-date=June 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606155715/https://www.crystalinks.com/clocks.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1292, [[Canterbury Cathedral]] installed a 'great horloge'. Over the next 30 years, there were mentions of clocks at a number of ecclesiastical institutions in England, Italy, and France. In 1322, a [[Norwich cathedral astronomical clock|new clock was installed in Norwich]], an expensive replacement for an earlier clock installed in 1273. This had a large (2 metre) astronomical dial with automata and bells. The costs of the installation included the full-time employment of two [[clockkeeper]]s for two years.<ref name=":0" />