Editing Cognitive tutor (section)

== Application and utilization ==

The first real world applications of [[cognitive tutors]] were in the 1980s and involved a geometry proof tutor used by high school students and a LISP programming tutor used by college students in a mini course in introductory programming course at [[Carnegie Mellon University]].<ref name="Anderson, J. R., Corbett, A. T., Koedinger, K. R., & Pelletier, R. (1995)" />

Since then, cognitive tutors have been used in a variety of scenarios, with a few organizations developing their own cognitive tutor programs. These programs have been used with students spanning elementary school through university level, though primarily in the subject areas of Computer Programming, Mathematics, and Science.
<ref name="home">{{cite web|title=PACT Center @ Carnegie Mellon University, Home Page |date=May 2003|url=http://pact.cs.cmu.edu/}}</ref>

One of the first organizations to develop a system for use within the school system was the PACT Center at Carnegie Mellon University. Their aim was to "...develop systems that provide individualized assistance to students as they work on challenging real-world problems in complex domains such as computer programming, algebra and geometry".<ref name="home"/> PACT's most successful product was the ''Cognitive Tutor Algebra'' course. Originally created in the early 1990s, this course was in use in 75 schools through the U.S. by 1999, and then its spin-off company, [[Carnegie Learning]], now offers tutors to thousands of schools in the U.S.<ref name="home"/>

The Carnegie Mellon Cognitive Tutor has been shown to raise students' math test scores in high school and middle-school classrooms,<ref>{{cite web|title=PACT Center @ Carnegie Mellon University, Current Research Projects |date=May 2003|url=http://pact.cs.cmu.edu/research_current.htm}}</ref> and their Algebra course was designated one of five exemplary curricula for K-12 mathematics educated by the US Department of Education.<ref name="home"/>
There were several research projects conducted by the PACT Center to utilize Cognitive tutor for courses in Excel and to develop an intelligent tutoring system for algebra expression writing, called ''Ms. Lindquist''.<ref>{{cite web|title=PACT Center @ Carnegie Mellon University, Completed Research Projects |date=May 2003|url=http://pact.cs.cmu.edu/research_completed.htm}}</ref> Further, in 2005, Carnegie Learning released ''Bridge to Algebra'', a product intended for middle schools that was piloted in over 100 schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Timeline of Cognitive Tutor History. (2003-2013)|website=Cognitive Tutoring Authoring Tools|url=http://ctat.pact.cs.cmu.edu/index.php?id=timeline}}</ref>

Cognitive tutoring software is continuing to be used. According to a ''Business Insider Report'' article, Ken Koedinger, a professor of human-computer interaction and psychology at Carnegie Mellon University, describes how teachers can integrate cognitive tutoring software into the classroom.<ref name= "business">{{Cite journal|author=Griswold, Alison|date=March 6, 2014|title=This Cognitive Tutor Software Is Already Having A Revolutionary Effect|journal=Business Insider|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/cognitive-models-and-computer-tutors-2014-3}}</ref>  He suggests that teachers use it in a computer lab environment or during classes. Cognitive tutors can understand the many ways that a student might answer a problem, and then assist the student at the exact time that the help is required. Further, the cognitive tutor can customize exercises specific to the student's needs.<ref name="business" />