Editing Coherent state (section)

== In superconductivity ==
* Electrons are fermions, but when they pair up into [[Cooper pair]]s they act as bosons, and so can collectively form a coherent state at low temperatures.  This pairing is not actually between electrons, but in the states available to the electrons moving in and out of those states.<ref>[see [[John Bardeen]]'s chapter in: Cooperative Phenomena, eds. H. Haken and M. Wagner (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1973)]</ref> Cooper pairing refers to the first model for superconductivity.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Bardeen | first1=J. | last2=Cooper | first2=L. N. | last3=Schrieffer | first3=J. R. | title=Theory of Superconductivity | journal=Physical Review | publisher=American Physical Society (APS) | volume=108 | issue=5 | date=1957-12-01 | issn=0031-899X | doi=10.1103/physrev.108.1175 | pages=1175–1204| bibcode=1957PhRv..108.1175B |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* These coherent states are part of the explanation of effects such as the [[Quantum Hall effect]] in low-temperature [[superconducting]] semiconductors.