Editing Colonialism (section)

=== Medieval ===
Beginning in the 7th century, [[Arabs]] colonized a substantial portion of the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Asia and Europe.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} From the 9th century [[Viking Age|Vikings]] ([[Norsemen]]) such as [[Leif Erikson]] established [[Viking expansion|colonies]] in Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Greenland, North America, present-day Russia and Ukraine, France (Normandy) and Sicily.<ref name="Page Sonnenburg 2003 p. 421">{{cite book | last1=Page | first1=M.E. | last2=Sonnenburg | first2=P.M. | title=Colonialism: An International, Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia | publisher=ABC-CLIO | issue=v. 1 | year=2003 | isbn=978-1-57607-335-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA421 | access-date=1 April 2023 | page=421}}</ref> In the 9th century a new wave of [[Mediterranean]] colonisation began, with competitors such as the [[Stato da Màr|Venetians]], [[Genoese colonies|Genovese]] and [[Duchy of Amalfi|Amalfians]] infiltrating the wealthy previously [[Byzantine]] or [[Eastern Roman]] islands and lands. European [[Crusaders]] set up colonial regimes in [[Outremer]] (in [[the Levant]], 1097–1291) and in the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic littoral]] (12th century onwards). [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] began to dominate [[Dalmatia]] and reached its greatest nominal colonial extent at the conclusion of the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1204, with the declaration of the [[Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae|acquisition of three octaves]] of the Byzantine Empire.<ref>Peter N. Stearns, ed., ''An Encyclopedia of World History'' (2001) pp 21–238</ref>