Editing Common Sense (section)

==Response and impact==

In response to ''Common Sense'', [[Charles Inglis (bishop)|Rev. Charles Inglis]], then the Anglican cleric of [[Trinity Church (Manhattan)|Trinity Church]] in New York, responded to Paine on behalf of [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|colonists loyal to the Crown]] with a treatise entitled ''The True Interest of America Impartially Stated''.<ref>Inglis, Charles. Charles Inglis The True Interest of America Impartially Stated, In Certain Strictures, On a Pamphlet Entitled Common Sense. Philadelphia, 1776</ref> He pronounced "I find no common sense in this pamphlet, but much uncommon frenzy." He denounced the [[radical democracy]] promoted by ''Common Sense'' and proclaimed that "[[Limited monarchy]] is the form of government which is most favourable to [[Ordered liberty|liberty]] - which is best adapted to the genius and temper of Britons; although here and there among us a crack-brained zealot for democracy or [[absolute monarchy]], may be sometimes found."

Loyalist officer [[James Chalmers (loyalist)|James Chalmers]] published ''[[Plain Truth (pamphlet)|Plain Truth]]'' under the pen name "Candidus". Chalmers defended the [[Westminster system|British Constitution]], and claimed  that without the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Monarchy]], the [[Thirteen Colonies]] would descend into a [[radical democracy]]. On the Radical democratic society promoted by ''Common Sense'', Chalmers quoted [[Montesquieu]] in saying that "No government is so subject to ''Civil Wars'' and ''Intestine Commotions''". The pamphlet ends with the pronouncement: "''Independence And Slavery Are Synonymous Terms''".

[[John Adams]], who would succeed [[George Washington]] to become the new nation's second president, in his ''[[Thoughts on Government]]'' wrote that Paine's ideal sketched in ''Common Sense'' was "so democratical, without any restraint or even an attempt at any equilibrium or counter poise, that it must produce confusion and every evil work."<ref>{{harvp|Foot|Kramnick|1987|p=11}}</ref> Others, such as the writer calling himself "Cato," denounced Paine as dangerous and his ideas as violent.<ref>{{Harvp|Foner|2004|p=120}}</ref> Paine was also an active and willing participant in what would become essentially a six-month publicity tour for independence. Writing as "The Forester," he responded to Cato and other critics in the pages of Philadelphian papers with passion and declared again in sweeping language that their conflict was not only with Great Britain but also with the tyranny inevitably resulting from monarchical rule.<ref>{{Harvp|Conway|1893|pp=72–73}}</ref>

Heavy advertisement by both Bell and Paine and the immense publicity created by their publishing quarrel made ''Common Sense'' an immediate sensation not only in [[Philadelphia]] but also across the Thirteen Colonies. Early "reviewers" (mainly letter excerpts published anonymously in colonial newspapers) touted the clear and rational case for independence put forth by Paine. One Marylander wrote to the ''Pennsylvania Evening Post'' on February 6, 1776, that "if you know the author of COMMON SENSE, tell him he has done wonders and worked miracles. His stile {{sic}} is plain and nervous; his facts are true; his reasoning, just and conclusive".<ref>"Philadelphia, February 13", ''Pennsylvania Evening Post'' (Philadelphia) February 13, 1776, p. 77.</ref>

The author went on to claim that the pamphlet was highly persuasive in swaying people towards independence. The mass appeal, one later reviewer noted, was caused by Paine's dramatic calls for popular support of revolution, "giv[ing] liberty to every individual to contribute materials for that great building, the grand charter of American Liberty".<ref>"To the Author of Common Sense, Number IV," ''New York Journal'' (New York) March 7, 1776, p. 1.</ref>  Paine's vision of a [[radical democracy]], unlike the checked and balanced nation later favored by conservatives like [[John Adams]], was highly attractive to the popular audience which read and reread ''Common Sense''. In the months leading up to the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], many more reviewers noted that the two main themes (direct and passionate style and calls for individual empowerment) were decisive in swaying the Colonists from reconciliation to rebellion. The pamphlet was also highly successful because of a brilliant marketing tactic planned by Paine. He and Bell timed the first edition to be published at around the same time as a proclamation on the colonies by [[King George III]], hoping to contrast the strong, monarchical message with the heavily anti-monarchical ''Common Sense''.<ref name="auto"/> Luckily for Paine, the speech and the first advertisement of the pamphlet appeared on the same day within the pages of ''The Pennsylvania Evening Post''.<ref>{{harvp|Gimbel |1956|pp=21–22}}</ref>

While Paine focused his style and address towards the common people, the arguments he made touched on prescient debates of morals, government, and the mechanisms of democracy.<ref>{{Harvp|Aldridge|1984|p=18}}</ref> That gave Common Sense a "second life" in the very public call-and-response nature of newspaper debates made by intellectual men of letters throughout Philadelphia. Paine's formulation of "war for an idea" led to, as [[Eric Foner]] describes it, "a torrent of letters, pamphlets, and broadsides on independence and the meaning of republican government... attacking or defending, or extending and refining Paine's ideas".<ref>{{Harvp|Conway|1893|pp=66–67}}</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Foner|2004|p=119}}</ref>

Later scholars have assessed the influence of ''Common Sense'' in several ways. Some, like A. Owen Aldridge, emphasize that ''Common Sense'' could hardly be said to embody a particular ideology, and that "even Paine himself may not have been cognizant of the ultimate source of many of his concepts." They make the point that much of the pamphlet's value came as a result of the context in which it was published.<ref>{{Harvp|Aldridge|1984|p=19}}</ref> Eric Foner wrote that the pamphlet touched a radical populace at the height of their radicalism, which culminated in Pennsylvania with a new constitution aligned along Paine's principles.<ref>{{Harvp|Foner|2004|p=132}}</ref> Many have noted that Paine's skills were chiefly in persuasion and propaganda and that no matter the content of his ideas, the fervor of his conviction and the various tools he employed on his readers (such as asserting his Christianity when he really was a Deist), ''Common Sense'' was bound for success.<ref>Jerome D. Wilson and William F. Ricketson, ''Thomas Paine – Updated Edition'' (Boston: G.K. Hall, 1989), pp. 26–27</ref> Still others emphasized the uniqueness of Paine's vision, with Craig Nelson calling him a "pragmatic utopian" who de-emphasized economic arguments in favor of moralistic ones, thus giving credence to the argument that ''Common Sense'' was propaganda.<ref>Craig Nelson, ''Thomas Paine'' (New York: Viking, 2006), pp. 81–83</ref>