Editing Commune of Rome (section)

=== Popular phase (1252-1347) ===
Between 1252 and 1347, Rome experienced no less than a dozen political changes, mostly due to popular movements of varying intensity that interrupted the government of the ''barons'' for short periods of time, so that power fell into the hands of a college of magistrates with unknown functions called ''boni viri reformatores reipublicae'' (1256), ''boni homines'' (1266; 1312; 1327; 1342), ''anziani'' (1305), ''priores'' (1338),  or shared functions with ''podestà'' and/or foreign princes. This last trend was not different from that of the rest of the Italian cities in which placing part of the power in the hands of foreign ''podestà'' and/or foreign princes (symbolically, in this case) sought the execution of reforms favorable to the citizen nobility and the components of Arts and Crafts. In the Roman case, however, the election of foreign officials was a novelty, since the origin of communal offices until 1252 was always local. However, from the election of Brancaleone degli Andalò as ''podestà'' (1252-1259) onwards, the Roman commune would experience a series of personalist mandates, such as those of [[Charles I of Anjou]] (1263-1266; 1268-1278; 1281-1284) or Robert I of Anjou (1313-1326; 1328-1336).<ref>Duprè Theseider, E. (1952): pp. 13-21 y pp. 26-30; Gatto, L. (1999): pp. 402-403 y p. 405</ref><ref>Duprè Theseider, E. (1952): pp. 31-40 y pp. 43-57; Gatto, L. (1999): pp. 408-410.</ref>

With the transfer of the papal seat to [[Avignon Papacy|Avignon]] under [[Pope Clement V]] (1305-1314), Rome was plunged into power struggles between barons and populars until the arrival of the outsiders Giovanni da Ignano and Paganino della Torre, who served in 1305 as senator and captain of the people, respectively, with the aim of restoring order.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Theseider |first=Eugenio Dupré |title=I papi di. Avignone e la questione romana |publisher=Felice de Monnier |year=1939 |pages=87–101}}</ref>

Five years later, Pope Clement V consented to the repeal of the ''Fundamenta'' of [[Pope Nicholas III]] and the election of Louis of Savoy as senator, who unsuccessfully dedicated himself to ending the conflict between the [[Orsini family|Orsini]] and [[Colonna family|Colonna]] families, who returned to hold and share power in the city from 1312. The brief appointment of Jacopo Arlotti of the Stefaneschi as [[Capitano del popolo]], seen as a mandate of punishment against the great families involved in the disorders, was followed in 1313 by the papal appointment of [[Robert, King of Naples|Robert of Naples]] as senator.<ref name=":1" />